Public Health Week 1, Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which chemotherapy impacts cells?

  • Stimulation of cellular differentiation
  • Enhancement of cellular metabolism
  • Interference with cell division (correct)
  • Inhibition of protein synthesis

Which suffix generally indicates a malignant tumor of epithelial origin?

  • -oma
  • -sarcoma
  • -carcinoma (correct)
  • -blastoma

What does 'staging' of a tumor primarily describe?

  • The cellular changes seen in a tumor
  • The tumor's differentiation at a molecular level
  • The extent of tumor spread within the body (correct)
  • The genetic makeup of the tumor cells

Which of the following is NOT a typical side effect of chemotherapy?

<p>Increased appetite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a reduction in white blood cells due to bone marrow suppression, commonly seen in cancer?

<p>Leukopenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an exception to the general rule regarding tumor classification?

<p>Lymphoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes primary prevention?

<p>Preventing disease by reducing exposure or increasing immunity in susceptible individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tertiary prevention from primary prevention?

<p>Tertiary prevention involves restoring function, while primary focuses on preventing susceptibility or exposure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system is commonly used to stage a tumor?

<p>The TNM system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'anaplasia' is most closely associated with which of the following?

<p>Tumor grading (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a medical tertiary prevention method?

<p>Physical therapy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a latent period differ from a prodromal period?

<p>Latent periods are symptom-free, while prodromal periods show the first signs and symptoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a disease, what does an 'endemic' classification mean?

<p>A disease that is consistently present in a particular region. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a disease with an unknown cause?

<p>Idiopathic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ‘subclinical’ refer to in the context of disease?

<p>A disease where signs and symptoms are present but do not impact daily life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released directly by the hypothalamus during a stress response?

<p>Corticotropic Releasing Hormone (CRH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'allostasis' refer to?

<p>The ability to achieve stability through physiological and behavioral change. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an example of a situation where a latent period can occur?

<p>After an initial infection, when the disease becomes dormant with no signs or symptoms present. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of Selye's stress model does the body redirect resources like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids?

<p>Resistance/Adaptation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the prodromal period of a disease?

<p>The initial symptoms are often non-specific. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis?

<p>To release hormones that help the body adapt to stress through cortisol secretion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the exhaustion phase in Selye's stress response model?

<p>A point where the body can no longer adapt and its resources are depleted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, released during the stress response?

<p>Activation of the fight-or-flight response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between 'idiopathic' and 'iatrogenic' when discussing etiology?

<p>Idiopathic describes a conditions with an unknown cause, while iatrogenic refers to conditions that are the result of medical intervention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes allostatic load?

<p>The wear and tear on the body caused by chronic overstimulation or understimulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>To constrict blood vessels, reduce gastric secretions, and dilate pupils. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intracellular accumulation is most likely caused by a genetic defect or excessive intake?

<p>Accumulation of normal intracellular substances like fat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of cellular atrophy?

<p>A reduction in cell size and differentiated functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the number of cells due to mitotic division?

<p>Hyperplasia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another due to persistent injury?

<p>Metaplasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation is considered a disorganized cellular process with abnormalities in cell size, shape, and arrangement?

<p>Dysplasia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of necrosis is characterized by the formation of a solid mass of denatured proteins due to ischemia?

<p>Coagulative. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of necrosis is associated with a quick dissolution of cells resulting in liquid debris?

<p>Liquefactive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of apoptosis?

<p>Cell-mediated and cell regulated cell death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Primary Prevention

Preventing a disease before it even starts by reducing exposure or susceptibility.

Tertiary Prevention

A group of actions aiming to reduce the spread and severity of existing diseases, focusing on restoring function and managing disabilities.

Latent Period

A period after exposure to a pathogen where no symptoms are apparent, but the disease is developing.

Prodromal Period

The early stage of a disease where mild, non-specific symptoms might appear.

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Endemic Disease

A disease that is consistently present within a specific geographic area.

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Subclinical Disease

A disease that exists but doesn't cause noticeable symptoms, so it might not affect the patient's daily life.

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Herd Immunity

Protecting a population from disease by immunizing a large portion of individuals.

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Incubation Period

A period where an individual is exposed to a disease, but doesn't show any symptoms until after the latent phase.

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What is allostasis?

The ability of the body to adapt successfully to challenges and achieve a steady state.

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Describe the Alarm phase of stress.

The initial stage of the stress response, characterized by the release of hormones like norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol, leading to heightened senses and reactions.

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What happens during the Resistance/Adaptation phase of stress?

The second phase of stress response, characterized by the body continuing to allocate resources like glucose and fatty acids to maintain the response.

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Explain the Exhaustion phase of stress.

The final stage of stress response, characterized by the body's inability to maintain its defenses, leading to exhaustion and potential health decline.

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What is a disease called when patients function normally despite having it?

A disease that appears despite the patient functioning normally.

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What is etiology?

The study of the causes or reasons behind a disease or injury.

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What is iatrogenic disease?

A disease or condition that arises due to a medical intervention.

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What is called when the cause of a disease is unknown?

A cause of a disease that is unknown.

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What is allostatic load?

The cumulative wear and tear on the body caused by prolonged or excessive stress response, potentially leading to health issues.

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What is the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?

The body's 'fight or flight' response, triggered by stress, adrenaline, and other hormones.

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What is norepinephrine?

A neurotransmitter that primarily works with adrenaline (epinephrine) in the SNS, regulating things like blood flow, heart rate, and breathing.

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What is atrophy?

A type of cell adaptation where cells shrink in size due to disuse, lack of nutrients, or injury.

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What is hypertrophy?

A type of cell adaptation where cells increase in size and function due to increased workload or stimuli.

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What is hyperplasia?

A type of cell adaptation where cells increase in number through cell division, creating a larger population of cells.

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What is metaplasia?

A type of cell adaptation where one cell type is replaced by another, often due to persistent injury or irritation.

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What is dysplasia?

An abnormal cell growth pattern characterized by disorganized cells and changes in size and shape, potentially leading to cancer.

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What is apoptosis?

A type of cell death that is programmed and controlled by the cell itself, often occurring during normal development or in response to damage.

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What is necrosis?

A type of cell death that is caused by external factors like injury or infection, resulting in the uncontrolled release of cellular contents.

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What is chemotherapy?

A group of drugs used to kill rapidly dividing cells, targeting cancer cells but also affecting healthy cells.

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What does '-oma' typically suggest in a tumor name?

A general term indicating a benign tumor, usually not life-threatening.

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What does '-carcinoma' indicate in a tumor name?

A malignant tumor originating in epithelial tissues, like skin, lining of organs, and glands.

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What does '-sarcoma' indicate in a tumor name?

A malignant tumor originating from mesenchymal tissues, such as bone, muscle, or connective tissue.

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What is tumor grading?

The process of classifying a tumor based on the appearance and behavior of its cells under a microscope.

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What is tumor staging?

The classification of a tumor based on its size, spread, and involvement of nearby structures.

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What does the TNM system stand for in tumor staging?

A system used to stage tumors, considering tumor size, node involvement, and presence of metastasis.

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Study Notes

Week 1, Chapter 1

  • Primary Prevention: Preventing disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure. Examples include vaccinations and health promotion programs to avoid preventable situations like accidents.
  • Herd Immunity: Collective immunity within a population achieved through vaccination, protecting individuals who cannot be immunized.
  • Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitative and supportive care to alleviate disability and restore function. Includes medical (e.g., physical therapy, chemotherapy) and surgical approaches (e.g., repairs).
  • Latent Period: A time after exposure to a disease or infection but before symptoms appear.
  • Prodromal Period: The period characterized by initial, nonspecific symptoms that prelude the acute phase of an illness.
  • Endemic Disease: A disease that is native to a specific region.
  • Subclinical Disease: A disease state with signs and symptoms that do not affect daily functioning.
  • Etiology: The study of the causes of disease.

Chapter 2

  • Allostasis: The body's ability to adapt to challenges to maintain stability.
  • Stress Response: A physiological and hormonal response to environmental demands. This features hormones like CRH and hormones like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol.
  • HPA Axis: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, a key component of the stress response.
  • Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): The three phases of stress response: alarm (fight or flight response), resistance (adaptation), and exhaustion.
  • Allostatic Load: Wear and tear on the body from chronic stress responses.

Chapter 4

  • Intracellular Accumulations: Substances accumulating within cells, which can be normal or abnormal. Abnormal accumulations can be related to genetic defects, excessive intake, toxicity, or metabolic issues.
  • Cell Adaptations: Cells react to stress through mechanisms such as:
  • Atrophy: Reduced cell size and function.
  • Hypertrophy: Increased cell size and function.
  • Hyperplasia: Increased cell number.
  • Metaplasia: Change in cell type.
  • Dysplasia: Disorganized, abnormal cell growth.
  • Necrosis: Cell death due to injury, damage, or poisoning. There are different types which are relevant to the topic.

Chapter 7

  • Liquefactive Necrosis: Quick dissolution of cells, typically related to bacterial infection.
  • Fat Necrosis: Death of fat cells due to trauma or pancreatitis.
  • Caseous Necrosis: Lung tissue damage with a cheese-like appearance, commonly associated with tuberculosis.
  • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
  • Side Effects of Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy's adverse effects include anemia, nausea, bleeding, and infections, primarily affecting rapidly dividing cells.
  • Tumor Grading and Staging: Tumor grading evaluates cell abnormality, while staging describes the tumor size, extent of spread, presence of metastasis. The TNM system is a common staging method.
  • Immune System Dysfunction in Cancer: Cancer can impact the immune system. This disruption can include impaired function of the bone marrow, reduced function of T and B cells, and a decrease in leukocytes leading to increased cancer susceptibility.

Chapter 5

  • Malnutrition in Cancer: Malnutrition impacts patients with cancers and impacts outcomes. Common causes are loss of appetite, increased metabolic rate and side effects from treatments.
  • Tumor Markers: Substances associated with cancer cells, used to identify tissue type, disease extent and progression.

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PATH 370 Week 1 Study Guide PDF

Description

Explore key concepts in public health from primary prevention strategies to the stages of disease development. This quiz covers critical terms like herd immunity, endemic diseases, and more, essential for understanding health promotion and disease prevention.

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