Public Health Week 1, Chapter 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which chemotherapy impacts cells?

Stimulation of cellular differentiation

Enhancement of cellular metabolism

Interference with cell division (correct)

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Which suffix generally indicates a malignant tumor of epithelial origin?

-oma

-sarcoma

-carcinoma (correct)

-blastoma

What does 'staging' of a tumor primarily describe?

The cellular changes seen in a tumor

The tumor's differentiation at a molecular level

The extent of tumor spread within the body (correct)

The genetic makeup of the tumor cells

Which of the following is NOT a typical side effect of chemotherapy?

Increased appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a reduction in white blood cells due to bone marrow suppression, commonly seen in cancer?

Leukopenia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an exception to the general rule regarding tumor classification?

Lymphoma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes primary prevention?

Preventing disease by reducing exposure or increasing immunity in susceptible individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tertiary prevention from primary prevention?

Tertiary prevention involves restoring function, while primary focuses on preventing susceptibility or exposure. Signup and view all the answers

What system is commonly used to stage a tumor?

The TNM system Signup and view all the answers

The term 'anaplasia' is most closely associated with which of the following?

Tumor grading Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a medical tertiary prevention method?

Physical therapy. Signup and view all the answers

How does a latent period differ from a prodromal period?

Latent periods are symptom-free, while prodromal periods show the first signs and symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a disease, what does an 'endemic' classification mean?

A disease that is consistently present in a particular region. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a disease with an unknown cause?

Idiopathic Signup and view all the answers

What does ‘subclinical’ refer to in the context of disease?

A disease where signs and symptoms are present but do not impact daily life. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released directly by the hypothalamus during a stress response?

Corticotropic Releasing Hormone (CRH) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'allostasis' refer to?

The ability to achieve stability through physiological and behavioral change. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an example of a situation where a latent period can occur?

After an initial infection, when the disease becomes dormant with no signs or symptoms present. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of Selye's stress model does the body redirect resources like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids?

Resistance/Adaptation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the prodromal period of a disease?

The initial symptoms are often non-specific. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis?

To release hormones that help the body adapt to stress through cortisol secretion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the exhaustion phase in Selye's stress response model?

A point where the body can no longer adapt and its resources are depleted. Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, released during the stress response?

Activation of the fight-or-flight response Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between 'idiopathic' and 'iatrogenic' when discussing etiology?

Idiopathic describes a conditions with an unknown cause, while iatrogenic refers to conditions that are the result of medical intervention. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes allostatic load?

The wear and tear on the body caused by chronic overstimulation or understimulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system?

To constrict blood vessels, reduce gastric secretions, and dilate pupils. Signup and view all the answers

Which intracellular accumulation is most likely caused by a genetic defect or excessive intake?

Accumulation of normal intracellular substances like fat. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of cellular atrophy?

A reduction in cell size and differentiated functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the number of cells due to mitotic division?

Hyperplasia. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another due to persistent injury?

Metaplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation is considered a disorganized cellular process with abnormalities in cell size, shape, and arrangement?

Dysplasia. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of necrosis is characterized by the formation of a solid mass of denatured proteins due to ischemia?

Coagulative. Signup and view all the answers

What type of necrosis is associated with a quick dissolution of cells resulting in liquid debris?

Liquefactive. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of apoptosis?

Cell-mediated and cell regulated cell death. Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Week 1, Chapter 1

Primary Prevention: Preventing disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure. Examples include vaccinations and health promotion programs to avoid preventable situations like accidents.
Herd Immunity: Collective immunity within a population achieved through vaccination, protecting individuals who cannot be immunized.
Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitative and supportive care to alleviate disability and restore function. Includes medical (e.g., physical therapy, chemotherapy) and surgical approaches (e.g., repairs).
Latent Period: A time after exposure to a disease or infection but before symptoms appear.
Prodromal Period: The period characterized by initial, nonspecific symptoms that prelude the acute phase of an illness.
Endemic Disease: A disease that is native to a specific region.
Subclinical Disease: A disease state with signs and symptoms that do not affect daily functioning.
Etiology: The study of the causes of disease.

Chapter 2

Allostasis: The body's ability to adapt to challenges to maintain stability.
Stress Response: A physiological and hormonal response to environmental demands. This features hormones like CRH and hormones like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol.
HPA Axis: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, a key component of the stress response.
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): The three phases of stress response: alarm (fight or flight response), resistance (adaptation), and exhaustion.
Allostatic Load: Wear and tear on the body from chronic stress responses.

Chapter 4

Intracellular Accumulations: Substances accumulating within cells, which can be normal or abnormal. Abnormal accumulations can be related to genetic defects, excessive intake, toxicity, or metabolic issues.
Cell Adaptations: Cells react to stress through mechanisms such as:
Atrophy: Reduced cell size and function.
Hypertrophy: Increased cell size and function.
Hyperplasia: Increased cell number.
Metaplasia: Change in cell type.
Dysplasia: Disorganized, abnormal cell growth.
Necrosis: Cell death due to injury, damage, or poisoning. There are different types which are relevant to the topic.

Chapter 7

Liquefactive Necrosis: Quick dissolution of cells, typically related to bacterial infection.
Fat Necrosis: Death of fat cells due to trauma or pancreatitis.
Caseous Necrosis: Lung tissue damage with a cheese-like appearance, commonly associated with tuberculosis.
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
Side Effects of Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy's adverse effects include anemia, nausea, bleeding, and infections, primarily affecting rapidly dividing cells.
Tumor Grading and Staging: Tumor grading evaluates cell abnormality, while staging describes the tumor size, extent of spread, presence of metastasis. The TNM system is a common staging method.
Immune System Dysfunction in Cancer: Cancer can impact the immune system. This disruption can include impaired function of the bone marrow, reduced function of T and B cells, and a decrease in leukocytes leading to increased cancer susceptibility.

Chapter 5

Malnutrition in Cancer: Malnutrition impacts patients with cancers and impacts outcomes. Common causes are loss of appetite, increased metabolic rate and side effects from treatments.
Tumor Markers: Substances associated with cancer cells, used to identify tissue type, disease extent and progression.

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Explore key concepts in public health from primary prevention strategies to the stages of disease development. This quiz covers critical terms like herd immunity, endemic diseases, and more, essential for understanding health promotion and disease prevention.