Public Health Nursing History and Practice
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Questions and Answers

Who spends the most money on health? Do they have good or bad health outcomes? Why?

The U.S. spends the most money on health, but has the worst health outcomes. This is because the U.S. does not focus on prevention.

What is the definition of public health?

A broad field of practice that serves as the backbone of the infrastructure supporting the health of the community.

What is the definition of population health?

A set of analytical strategies and approaches used in public health to improve the health of the community.

What is the definition of public health practice?

<p>Protecting and promoting health as well as preventing disease and disability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the missions for public health practice?

<p>To generate organized community efforts to address the public interest in health by applying scientific and technical knowledge to prevent disease and promote health. This is accomplished by many groups (public &amp; private) &amp; individuals, with special function of the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 10 greatest public health achievements?

<p>Control of infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gains made due to public health programs?

<p>Safety and adequacy of food supplies, provision of safe water, sewage disposal, public safety from biological threats, including immunizations, personal behavior changes, including reproductive behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of all national expenditures support governmental public health functions?

<p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of assessment?

<p>Collecting data on the population to identify a problem or an opportunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of policy development? What is the goal?

<p>Developing policies or programs that support the health of the population, GOAL IS TO BECOME A LAW.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of assurance?

<p>Ensuring that essential community-oriented health services are available and that we have a competent workforce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential services are considered assessments?

<p>Monitor health status to identify community health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential services are considered policy development?

<p>Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential services are considered assurance?

<p>Link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care that is otherwise unavailable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential service is considered as assessment, policy making, and assurance?

<p>Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of primary healthcare?

<p>PREVENTION, education is applicable to everyone Diet, exercise, vaccines, safe sex, smoking cessation, safety (wearing helmet, use of seat belts)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of secondary healthcare?

<p>SCREENING, trying to diagnose Mammograms, colonoscopy, pap smear, yearly physical, lab work, x-ray, MRI, CT scan, blood glucose, BP screening, lead exposure screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of population?

<p>A collection of individuals who have one or more characteristics in common.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the criteria for a population?

<p>Special interest or circumstance</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can public health nurses apply care to patients?

<p>When they are most vulnerable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition for public health nursing?

<p>A specialty that promotes and protects the health of the population using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the requirements to work as a public health nurse?

<p>Public health nurse certification</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is population focused nursing? What is an example?

<p>Emphasizes health protection, health promotion, and disease prevention of a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is individual, family, and group focused nursing? What is an example?

<p>Focus is on providing services to individuals rather than a population, while maintaining an appreciation for the values of the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a subpopulation? What population would fall under this category?

<p>A subset of the population that share similar characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is community based nursing? What is an example?

<p>The focus is illness care</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is community oriented nursing? What is an example?

<p>Specialized fields (PHN) and the focus is health promotion and disease prevention of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal for public health nursing practice?

<p>Prevent disease and disability and promote and protect the community as a whole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does public health nursing practice do?

<p>Practice focus is on the community as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are challenges in the future for public health?

<p>Barriers to nurses specializing in leadership roles in population health initiatives. Developing population health nurse leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common community assessment used?

<p>Windshield survey</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is utilitarianism?

<p>Maximizes the good for the greatest number of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order for us to implement change at the community level we must have?

<p>Partnerships</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall goal for nursing interventions for public health?

<p>Improved health of the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the systems theory?

<p>Like a domino effect. A theory of interacting processes and the way they influence each other over time to permit the continuity of some larger whole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the nursing focus is on the collective or common good of the population, who is the client?

<p>The community</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be part of population-focused community health practice?

<p>Primary, secondary, or tertiary preventative interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two key concepts for community as client?

<p>Partnership for community health</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of population-centered practice?

<p>Seek helpful change for the whole community's benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who does the nurse work with for population-centered practice? Who are the resulting changes intended to affect?

<p>Nurse may work individual, families, or other groups, aggregates, or institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of assessment findings that guide actions of assurance?

<p>Allocation of resources and funding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a gatekeeper?

<p>someone who is very influential in the community (Ex: faith-based leader)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nurse's role in the community?

<p>Establishing credibility and trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is community health reflected?

<p>In the health behaviors and subsequent outcomes of its residents and by the ability of the community as a system to support healthy individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe community partnerships

<p>Involve community members in all phases of assessment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition community based participatory research?

<p>Research methodology that is used to implement change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe community as partner framework

<p>The community as partner framework uses a systems approach with a focus on partnerships to effect change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is distributive justice?

<p>Treating people fairly and disturbing resources and burdens equitable among the members of a society</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social justice?

<p>Ensuring that vulnerable groups are included in equitable distribution or resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of community assessments?

<p>Focus on setting priorities to address health issues in communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary sources of data? What are examples?

<p>Objective data</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are primary sources of data? What are examples?

<p>Subjective data</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is for community nursing diagnosis?

<p>The Omaha system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the format community nursing diagnosis?

<p>Identification of the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is involved in the community nursing diagnosis?

<p>The North American Nursing Diagnosis (NANDA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a community nursing diagnosis?

<p>Increased level of infant mortality in Community X <em>related to</em> inadequate access to prenatal care, high teen birth rate and few obstetrical providers in city; <em>as evidenced by</em> infant mortality rate of 8 infant deaths per 1000 live births, a preterm birth rate of 15%, teen birth rate of 75/1000 females and 3 obstetrical providers for a population of 30,000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the windshield survey

<p>Provides a quick overview of the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are things to observe when doing a windshield survey?

<p>Common characteristics of people, neighborhood gathering places, rhythm of community life, housing quality, geographic boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe personal safety in community practice

<p>Personal safety is a prerequisite for effective community-oriented practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three sources of information about a community?

<p>Other nurse, social workers, or health care providers who are familiar with the dynamics of a given community</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is early public health? What are examples?

<p>Ability to preserve health and treat illness has depended on the civilization's knowledge of science, use and availability of technologies, and degree of social organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Public health during America's colonial period and the new republic was first a?

<p>A family/friend system of care but became insufficient in the early 1800s</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Elizabethan Poor Law?

<p>In 1601, England guaranteed medical care for poor, blind, and &quot;lame&quot; individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

When and where was the first hospital founded in America?

<p>1751, Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did industrialization cause during frequent epidemics during 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries?

<p>Led to inadequate housing and sanitation, which led to epidemics of smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, typhoid, and typhus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Shattuck report?

<p>First effort that described a modern approach public health organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Florence Nightingale do and when?

<p>1858, organized hospital nursing practice and nursing education in hospitals to replace lay nurses with trained nurses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did William Rathbone do and when?

<p>1859, first district nursing association in Liverpool, England</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened during 1870 in the U.S.?

<p>first nursing schools based on the Nightingale model opened in the United States.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened during 1886 in regards to public health?

<p>Instructive District Nursing term created to emphasize the relationship of nursing to health education</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who established Henry Street Settlement in 1893? What was founded

<p>Settlement houses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened in 1886 in Boston?

<p>two women, to improve their chances of gaining financial support for their cause, coined this term, instructive district nursing, to emphasize the relationship of nursing to health education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Jessie Sleet (Scales)?

<p>a Canadian graduate of Provident Hospital School of Nursing (Chicago), became the first African American public health nurse when she was hired by the New York Charity Organization Society in 1900</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who initiated home nursing care outside larger cities?

<p>American Red Cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was occupational nursing originally called?

<p>Industrial nursing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Ada Mayo Stewarts contribution to occupational health nursing?

<p>In 1895, she began working with employees and families of the Vermont Marble Company in Proctor, Vermont</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an extension of home visiting?

<p>School nursing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Lina Rogers?

<p>A Henry Street Settlement resident, became the first school nurse</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did public health nursing grow in 1909?

<p>&quot;Visiting Nurse Quarterly&quot; publication established by the Cleveland Visiting Nurse Association</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Public Health Nursing History and Practice

  • U.S. spends the most money on health but has the worst health outcomes due to a lack of preventative care focus.
  • Public health is a broad field supporting community health infrastructure.
  • Population health utilizes analytical strategies to improve community health.
  • Public health practice aims to protect and promote health, preventing illness and disability. Its mission is to organize community efforts using scientific knowledge to prevent disease and promote health.
  • Ten public health achievements include vaccines, motor vehicle safety, workplace safety, infectious disease control, safer food, healthier mothers and babies, family planning, fluoridated water, tobacco control, and decline in heart disease and stroke deaths.
  • Public health programs have improved food safety, water quality, sewage disposal, public safety, and personal health behaviors impacting reproductive health.
  • Only 3% of national expenditures support governmental public health functions.
  • Assessment involves gathering population data to identify problems or opportunities.
  • Policy development aims to create health-supporting policies and programs.
  • Assurance ensures essential community health services and a competent workforce. Includes enforcement of health regulations, connecting people to needed services, and workforce development.
  • Essential services encompass assessment, policy development, assurance, and research to solve health problems.
  • Primary health care involves prevention (e.g., diet, exercise, vaccinations).
  • Secondary health care focuses on screening (e.g., mammograms, screenings).
  • Tertiary health care involves treatment of diagnosed conditions (e.g., specialist care, physical therapy).
  • A population is a group with shared characteristics (geographic, interests).
  • Public health nurses address care during vulnerability.
  • Public health nursing utilizes nursing, social, and public health sciences to promote and protect population health. Public health nurses need a bachelor's degree and public health nurse certification.
  • Population-focused nursing prioritizes population health protection, promotion, and prevention. For example, evaluating the success of head start programs.
  • Individual/family/group-focused nursing provides services to individuals or groups while recognizing community values, like developmental screening of individual Head Start preschool children.
  • A subpopulation is a subset with similar traits, such as vulnerable populations.
  • Community-based nursing focuses on illness care, provided where people live, work, and attend school.
  • Community-oriented nursing focuses on health promotion and disease prevention, like community diagnoses and health surveillance.
  • Public health nursing aims to prevent illness/disability and promote community wellbeing. Public health nursing work focuses on the community as a whole.
  • Future challenges include developing population health nurse leaders and addressing social determinants of health.
  • The windshield survey is a common community assessment.
  • Utilitarianism prioritizes the greatest good for the greatest number.
  • Community-level change requires partnerships.
  • Community health nursing interventions aim to improve community health.
  • Systems theory views interactions as influencing continuous larger wholes.
  • The community is the client focus when a nursing practice concerns the collective or common good.
  • Population-centered practice may include primary, secondary, or tertiary preventative interventions. Community health, and community health partnerships are two key concepts for community as client.
  • Population-centered practice aims for beneficial changes affecting the entire community. Nurses work with various groups, aggregates, or institutions for impact on the entire community.
  • Assurance-related assessment findings may include resource allocation details.
  • Gatekeepers are influential community members (religion, community leaders). Nurses build trust with gatekeepers and community health workers.
  • Community health is reflected in health behaviors and community support ability.
  • Community partnerships are a crucial factor in community assessments and include community members at all stages. Passive and active participation models exist.
  • Community-based participatory research involves collaborative research to implement change with equal voices.
  • The community as partner framework uses systems and partnerships for change.
  • Distributive justice ensures fair distribution of resources and burdens in society.
  • Social justice ensures vulnerable groups are included fairly in the resource distribution.
  • Community assessments identify community needs and strengths.
  • Secondary sources include data like Healthy People 2030 and county health rankings; primary sources include data gained through photovoice, surveys, and focus groups.
  • The Omaha system is used for community nursing diagnosis.
  • Community nursing diagnoses include the problem, related factors, supporting data, and the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association.
  • Examples of community nursing diagnoses involve details of the problem, its contributing factors, and supporting data. For example, a community diagnosis of increased infant mortality.
  • Windshield surveys provide a community's overview. Observations (people's characteristics, gathering spots, housing quality) provide insights into community life.
  • Personal safety for nurses is necessary for effective community-oriented care. Awareness is key.
  • Useful sources of community information include other nurses or healthcare professionals with community knowledge.

Early Public Health Nursing History

  • Early civilizations showed early understanding of health and hygiene, with examples in Babylonia, Egypt, and England with the Elizabethan Poor Law.
  • Early American care relied on families and friends, but this was insufficient by the early 1800s.
  • The first U.S. hospital was founded in Philadelphia in 1751.
  • Industrialization during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries contributed to epidemics due to poor housing and sanitation.
  • The Shattuck report was a key document promoting a modern, structured public health approach.
  • Florence Nightingale organized hospital nursing and education, and William Rathbone established the first district nursing association in Liverpool.
  • The 1870s saw the first U.S. nursing schools based on Nightingale's model. Visiting nurse associations were established by 1885.
  • The Henry Street Settlement, created in 1893, focused on visiting nurse associations, settlement houses, & community health programs.
  • Jessie Sleet Scales was an early African American public health nurse.
  • The American Red Cross extended home visits.
  • School nursing developed as an extension of home visiting.
  • Public health organizations began to target infectious disease in rural areas in the 1900's, including the 1918 influenza pandemic.
  • Occupational/industrial nursing began emerging, with Ada Mayo Stewart in early examples in Vermont.
  • The 1920s and 30s, nurse leadership in public health programs increased greatly including successful typhoid programs in Orange, California. This success is credited to the dedication of nurses.
  • The Sheppard-Towner Act (Maternity and Infancy Act) provided federal support for maternal and child health programs and facilitated policy changes.
  • The 1930s saw increased support for nurse employment in health agencies, but with the Great Depression, this support was often temporary and insufficient. There was a need for improved education to support expanded community-based public health programs and work.

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Explore the evolution and practices of public health nursing in the United States. This quiz highlights key achievements and the importance of preventative care in improving health outcomes. Test your knowledge on how public health initiatives have shaped community health and safety.

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