Public Health Nursing History and Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Who spends the most money on healthcare?

The United States

What is the definition of public health?

A broad field of practice that serves as the foundation for the community's health infrastructure.

What is the definition of population health?

It is a set of analytical strategies and approaches used in public health to improve the community's health.

What is the definition of public health practice?

<p>Public health practice involves protecting and promoting health while preventing disease and disability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the missions for public health practice?

<p>To generate organized communal efforts to address the public interest in health by applying scientific and technical knowledge to prevent disease and promote health. This is accomplished by various groups, including public and private entities, as well as individual efforts, with a major role for the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered to be among the 10 greatest public health achievements?

<p>Vaccines (A), Safer and healthier foods (B), Decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke (C), Family planning (D), Tobacco as a health hazard (E), Motor vehicle safety (F), Workplace safety (G), Healthier mothers and babies (H), Control of infectious diseases (I), Fluoridation in the water (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gains made due to public health programs?

<p>Safer and more adequate food supplies, provision of safe water, sewage disposal, public safety from biological threats (immunizations), and personal behavior changes (including reproductive behavior).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of all national expenditures supports governmental public health functions?

<p>3% of national expenditures support governmental public health functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of assessment in public health?

<p>Collecting data on the population to identify a problem or an opportunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of policy development in public health? What is the goal?

<p>Developing policies or programs that support the health of the population. The goal is for these policies to become laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of assurance in public health?

<p>Ensuring that essential community-oriented health services are available, and that we have a competent workforce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following essential public health services are considered assessments?

<p>Diagnose and investigate health problems and hazards in the community (B), Monitor health status to identify community health problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following essential public health services are considered policy development?

<p>Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts (B), Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues (C), Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following essential public health services are considered assurance?

<p>Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services (A), Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety (C), Link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care that is otherwise unavailable (G), Ensure a competent public health and personal health care workforce (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which essential public health service is considered as assessment, policy making, and assurance?

<p>Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of primary health care?

<p>Vaccines (A), Wearing helmets and using seatbelts (B), Smoking cessation programs (C), Safe sex practices (D), Diet and exercise (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of secondary healthcare?

<p>Lead exposure screening (A), Yearly physical exams (B), Blood pressure screening (C), Mammograms (D), X-rays (E), Pap smear (F), Lab work (G), Blood glucose screening (H), CT scans (I), Colonoscopy (J), MRI (K)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a population?

<p>A collection of individuals who share one or more characteristics in common.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are criteria for defining a population?

<p>Geography (A), Special interest or circumstance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can public health nurses apply care to patients?

<p>Public health nurses apply care to patients when they are most vulnerable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of public health nursing?

<p>Public health nursing is a specialty that promotes and protects the health of the population using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the requirements to work as a public health nurse?

<p>A bachelor's degree is required to work as a public health nurse, and certification as a public health nurse is also highly recommended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is population-focused nursing? What is an example?

<p>Population-focused nursing emphasizes health protection, health promotion, and disease prevention of a population. An example would be evaluating if a program like Head Start for preschoolers is achieving its goals by looking at the health outcomes of all children enrolled in the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is individual, family, and group-focused nursing? What is an example?

<p>Individual, family, and group-focused nursing focuses on providing services to individuals rather than a population, while maintaining an appreciation for the values of the community. An example would be conducting developmental screening tests of children in a Head Start preschool program to evaluate each child individually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a subpopulation? What population would fall under this category?

<p>A subpopulation is a subset of the population that shares similar characteristics. Vulnerable populations fall under this category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is community-based nursing? What is an example?

<p>Community-based nursing focuses on illness care with a setting-specific practice where care is provided where people live, work, and attend school. An example would be providing healthcare services at a community health center located in the neighborhoods where people live.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is community-oriented nursing? What is an example?

<p>Community-oriented nursing is a specialized field, often practiced by Public Health Nurses (PHN), focusing on health promotion and disease prevention for the population. An example would be conducting community health assessments and providing educational programs to the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal for public health nursing practice?

<p>The goal for public health nursing practice is to prevent disease and disability and promote the overall well-being and health of the community as a whole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does public health nursing practice do?

<p>Public health nursing practice focuses on the community as a whole, recognizing the impact of the community's health status and resources on the health of individuals, families, and groups. It seeks to understand the factors influencing the community's overall health status (including environmental factors) and collaborates with the community to improve health outcomes for everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are challenges in the future for public health?

<p>Developing population health nurse leaders (A), Shifting public health practice to address the social determinants of health and more vigorous policy efforts to create conditions for a healthy population (B), Barriers to nurses specializing in leadership roles in population health initiatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common community assessment used?

<p>The most common community assessment used is the windshield survey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is utilitarianism?

<p>Utilitarianism is a philosophy that focuses on maximizing the good for the greatest number of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order to implement change at the community level, we must have what?

<p>Partnerships are essential for implementing change at the community level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall goal for nursing interventions for public health?

<p>The overall goal for nursing interventions in public health is to improve the health of the entire community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is systems theory?

<p>Systems theory is a framework that views complex systems as interconnected parts that influence each other over time to maintain the continuity of the whole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the nursing focus is on the collective or common good of the population, who is the client?

<p>The community is the client when the nursing focus is on the collective good of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be part of population-focused community health practice?

<p>Primary preventative interventions (A), Tertiary preventative interventions (B), Secondary preventative interventions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two key concepts for community as client?

<p>Community health (A), Partnership for community health (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of population-centered practice?

<p>The goal of population-centered practice is to seek helpful change for the benefit of the whole community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who does the nurse work with for population-centered practice? Who are the resulting changes intended to affect?

<p>A nurse may work with individuals, families, or other groups, aggregates, or institutions. The resulting changes are intended to affect the whole community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of assessment findings that guide actions of assurance?

<p>Examples of assessment findings that guide actions of assurance include allocation of resources and funding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a gatekeeper?

<p>A gatekeeper is someone who is very influential in the community, such as a faith-based leader.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nurse's role in the community?

<p>The nurse's role in the community is to establish credibility and trust, and partner with gatekeepers and community health workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is community health reflected?

<p>Community health is reflected in the health behaviors and subsequent outcomes of its residents and by the ability of the community as a system to support healthy individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe community partnerships.

<p>Community partnerships involve community members in all phases of assessment and may feature community partnerships as a central activity. Coalitions are formed, and there can be passive or active participation, as well as partnerships between various organizations and individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of community-based participatory research?

<p>Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a methodology used to implement change that emphasizes equal voice and collaboration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the community as partner framework.

<p>The community as partner framework uses a systems approach, focusing on partnerships to effect change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is distributive justice?

<p>Distributive justice involves treating people fairly by distributing resources and burdens equitably among members of a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social justice?

<p>Social justice ensures that vulnerable groups are included in equitable distribution of resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the purposes of community assessments?

<p>Focus on setting priorities to address health issues in communities (A), Locate confirmation data to address a recognized community problem (B), Organizations may also be required to complete community assessments for regulatory or accreditation standards (C), Conduct an assessment to learn more about community needs or strengths (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary sources of data?

<p>Secondary sources of data are objective data, such as information from Healthy People 2030 and county health rankings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are primary sources of data?

<p>Primary sources of data are subjective data, for example, data collected through photovoice, surveys, focus groups, and participant observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Omaha system?

<p>The Omaha system is used for community nursing diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the format for a community nursing diagnosis?

<p>The format for a community nursing diagnosis includes identification of the problem, its relation to factors, stressors, or health issues, and the supporting data that documents the problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is involved in the community nursing diagnosis?

<p>The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) is involved in community nursing diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a community nursing diagnosis?

<p>Increased level of infant mortality in Community X <em>related to</em> inadequate access to prenatal care, high teen birth rate, and few obstetrical providers in the city. <em>As evidenced by</em> an infant mortality rate of 8 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, a preterm birth rate of 15%, a teen birth rate of 75 per 1,000 females, and 3 obstetrical providers for a population of 30,000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the windshield survey.

<p>A windshield survey provides a quick overview of a community, serving as a first step in generating data to identify community trends, stability, and changes. It allows for observations of various aspects of community life, such as demographics, gathering places, housing quality, and geographic boundaries. It can be supplemented by conducting a walk through the streets for further insights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are things to observe when doing a windshield survey?

<p>Neighborhood gathering places (A), Housing quality (B), Rhythm of community life (C), Geographic boundaries (D), Common characteristics of people (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe personal safety in community practice.

<p>Personal safety is a crucial prerequisite for effective community-oriented practice. It requires awareness of the community, common sense, and careful judgment. It is essential throughout the practice process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three sources of information about a community?

<p>Other nurses, social workers, or health care providers who are familiar with a given community (A), Community members (B), Your own observations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is early public health?

<p>The ability to preserve health and treat illness relied on a civilization's scientific knowledge, use and availability of technologies, and degree of social organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of early public health practices?

<p>Industrial Revolution creating nursing care institutions and homes to address the growing need for care beyond family and friends (A), Ancient Babylonians understanding the need for hygiene and possessing medical skills (B), Egyptians employing pharmaceutical preparations, public drainage systems, and earth privies (C), Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 guaranteeing assistance for poor, blind, and &quot;lame&quot; individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Public health during America's colonial period and the new republic was first a?

<p>Public health during America's colonial period and the new republic was first a family/friend system of care, but it became insufficient in the early 1800s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Elizabethan Poor Law?

<p>The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 guaranteed medical care for poor, blind, and &quot;lame&quot; individuals in England.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When and where was the first hospital founded in America?

<p>The first hospital in America was founded in 1751 at Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did industrialization cause during frequent epidemics during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries?

<p>Industrialization led to inadequate housing and sanitation, contributing to epidemics of smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, typhoid, and typhus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Shattuck report?

<p>The Shattuck Report, published in 1850, was the first effort to describe a modern approach for public health organizations. Its recommendations remain relevant even today.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Florence Nightingale do and when?

<p>In 1858, Florence Nightingale organized hospital nursing practice and nursing education in hospitals to replace lay nurses with trained professionals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did William Rathbone do and when?

<p>In 1859, William Rathbone established the first district nursing association in Liverpool, England.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened during 1870 in the U.S?

<p>The first nursing schools based on the Nightingale model opened in the United States in 1870.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened during 1886 in regards to public health?

<p>The term &quot;Instructive District Nursing&quot; was created in 1886 to emphasize the connection between nursing and health education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who established Henry Street Settlement in 1893?

<p>Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster established Henry Street Settlement in 1893.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened in 1886 in Boston?

<p>Two women in Boston coined the term &quot;Instructive District Nursing&quot; in 1886 to emphasize the importance of health education for nurses and to attract financial support for their work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Jessie Sleet (Scales)?

<p>Jessie Sleet (Scales) was a Canadian graduate of Provident Hospital School of Nursing in Chicago. She became the first African American public health nurse when she was hired by the New York Charity Organization Society in 1900.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who initiated home nursing care outside larger cities?

<p>The American Red Cross initiated home nursing care outside larger cities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was occupational nursing originally called?

<p>Occupational nursing was originally called industrial nursing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Ada Mayo Stewarts' contribution to occupational health nursing?

<p>In 1895, Ada Mayo Stewart began working with employees and families of the Vermont Marble Company in Proctor, Vermont, pioneering the field of occupational health nursing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an extension of home visiting?

<p>School nursing was an extension of home visiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Lina Rogers?

<p>Lina Rogers, a resident of Henry Street Settlement, became the first school nurse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did public health nursing grow in 1909?

<p>Visiting Nurse Quarterly publication established by the Cleveland Visiting Nurse Association (A), University of Minnesota began the first continuing nursing program given on a university campus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did public health nursing grow in the late 1800s?

<p>Local health departments were formed in urban areas in the late 1800s to address environmental hazards associated with crowded living conditions and dirty streets, and to regulate public baths, slaughterhouses, and pigsties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did public health nursing grow in the 1920s and 30s?

<p>Nurses continued to assume leadership roles in public health, including a program in Orange County, CA, that addressed a typhoid epidemic. The success of this work led to funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and the California Health Department for additional public health professionals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was public health nursing needed in WWI?

<p>Public health nurses were needed to stay in the U.S. to care for those not serving in the military during WWI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who founded the Frontier Nursing Services in 1925?

<p>Mary Breckinridge founded the Frontier Nursing Services in 1925.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Healthcare Spending and Health Outcomes

The U.S., despite spending the most on healthcare, has relatively poor health outcomes due to a lack of focus on preventative measures.

What is Public Health?

The broad field of practice that encompasses efforts to protect and promote the health of communities.

What is Population Health?

A set of approaches and strategies used to improve the health of a community.

What is Public Health Practice?

It involves protecting and promoting health, as well as preventing disease and disability within a community.

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What is the Mission of Public Health Practice?

The core mission is to generate organized community efforts to address public health interests by applying scientific knowledge to prevent disease and promote health. It is achieved through collaborative efforts of various groups and individuals, including government agencies.

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What are the 10 Greatest Public Health Achievements?

Vaccines, motor vehicle safety, workplace safety, control of infectious diseases, safer and healthier foods, healthier mothers and babies, family planning, fluoridation of water, tobacco as a health hazard, and decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke.

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What are Gains Made Due to Public Health Programs?

Safety and adequacy of food supplies, provision of safe water, sewage disposal, public safety from biological threats, including immunizations, and personal behavior changes, including reproductive behavior.

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Government Funding of Public Health

Only 3% of all national expenditures support government public health functions.

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What is Assessment?

The process of gathering data on a population to identify a problem or an opportunity for improvement.

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What is Policy Development?

Developing policies or programs that support the health of the population. The goal is for those policies to become law.

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What is Assurance?

Ensuring essential health services are available and that a competent workforce exists to serve the community.

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Assessment Essential Services

Monitoring health status to identify community health problems.

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Assessment Essential Services

Diagnosing and investigating health problems and hazards in the community.

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Policy Development Essential Services

Informing, educating, and empowering people about health issues.

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Policy Development Essential Services

Mobilizing community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.

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Policy Development Essential Services

Developing policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.

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Assurance Essential Services

Enforcing laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.

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Assurance Essential Services

Linking people to needed personal health services and ensuring healthcare is available to those who lack access.

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Assurance Essential Services

Ensuring a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce.

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Assurance Essential Services

Evaluating the effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services.

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Essential Services (Assessment, Policy Development, Assurance)

Researching for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.

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What are Examples of Primary Healthcare?

Actions taken to prevent illness and promote health before a problem occurs. Examples include healthy diet, exercise, vaccinations, safe sex practices, smoking cessation, and safety measures like helmets and seatbelts.

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What are Examples of Secondary Healthcare?

Actions taken to detect or diagnose a health problem early. Examples include mammograms, colonoscopies, pap smears, yearly physical exams, lab work, and screenings for blood glucose, blood pressure, or lead exposure.

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What are Examples of Tertiary Healthcare?

Actions taken to treat an existing health problem. Examples include dialysis, specialist consultations, physical therapy, rehabilitation, medication, speech therapy, case management, support groups, and education specific to a disease process.

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What is a Population?

A group of individuals who share one or more characteristics in common.

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What are Criteria for a Population?

Geography (country, school, home, online) or special interest or circumstance.

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Public Health Nurse Care for Vulnerable Individuals

Public health nurses apply care when individuals are most vulnerable, often due to factors like age, socioeconomic status, or health condition.

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Study Notes

Public Health Nursing History and Concepts

  • U.S. spends the most on healthcare but has the worst health outcomes due to a lack of preventive measures.
  • Public health is the framework supporting community health.
  • Population health employs strategies to enhance community health.
  • Public health practice aims to prevent illness, promote health, and protect populations.
  • Public health practice missions centre around organised efforts using science to prevent illness and improve health.
  • Key public health achievements include vaccines, safer cars, improved food safety, and healthier families.
  • Public health programs improve food safety, water quality, sewage disposal, and public safety.
  • Only 3% of national spending supports governmental public health.
  • Assessment involves collecting population data to identify issues.
  • Policy development creates policies to support population health.
  • Assurance ensures essential health services and a skilled workforce.
  • Essential public health services include monitoring health, investigating problems, educating communities, and developing policies to support health.
  • Research expands knowledge and generates innovative solutions.
  • Primary healthcare focuses on preventive measures applicable to everyone (e.g., diet, exercise, vaccines).
  • Secondary healthcare focuses on screening to diagnose problems (e.g., mammograms, screenings).
  • Tertiary healthcare provides treatment for diagnosed conditions (e.g., therapies, medications).
  • Population is a group with shared characteristics (e.g., location, circumstance).
  • Public health nurses provide care to vulnerable populations.
  • Public health nursing blends nursing, social sciences, and public health expertise to promote and protect community health.
  • Licensing typically needs a bachelor's degree plus public health certification.
  • Population-focused practice prioritizes community health promotion and disease prevention.
    • Example: Evaluating Head Start programs' impact.
  • Individual, family, and group-focused practice provides services tailored to individual needs while considering community impact.
    • Example: Developmental screenings in a Head Start program.
  • Subpopulations are vulnerable subgroups within a community.
  • Community-based nursing directly addresses illnesses within the community.
  • Community-oriented nursing prioritizes population health and disease prevention.
  • Public health nurses aim to prevent disease, promote health, and protect entire communities.

Community-Based and Oriented Nursing

  • Community assessments (e.g., windshield surveys) gather information and prioritize health issues.
  • Community partnerships are crucial for implementing changes and ensuring everyone's voice is heard.
  • Utilitarianism prioritizes the greatest good for the greatest number.
  • Systems theory describes how factors interact to maintain a whole, like a chain reaction.
  • The community is the client in population-focused care.
  • Population-centered practices (primary, secondary, tertiary) aim for overall community well-being.
  • Nursing interventions aim to improve community health.
  • Assessment findings guide resource allocations and funding.
  • Gatekeepers are influential community members (e.g., religious leaders).
  • Public health nurses build trust and partner with gatekeepers and community members.
  • Community health is reflected in residents' health behaviours and community support systems.
  • Community-based participatory research (CBPR) involves everyone equally in research.
  • Community is a key partner in population-centered practice, using a systems approach to effect changes
  • Distributive justice is fair resource and burden distribution.
  • Social justice ensures vulnerable groups are included in equitable resource distribution.
  • Community assessments identify community needs or strengths, confirm data, and prioritize health issues.
  • Secondary data sources include Healthy People 2030 and health rankings.
  • Primary data sources like surveys, focus groups, and observations provide subjective data.
  • The Omaha system guides community nursing diagnoses.
  • Community nursing diagnoses outline problems, linked factors, and supporting data.
  • NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) informs community nursing diagnoses.

Historical Perspective on Public Health Nursing

  • Early public health involved practices in hygiene, sanitation, and healthcare.
  • Industrialization led to inadequate living conditions, epidemic risks, and the need for organized healthcare.
  • The Elizabethan Poor Law offered support for the poor.
  • The first American hospital was founded in 1751.
  • The Shattuck Report provided a blueprint for future public health organisations.
  • Florence Nightingale revolutionised nursing practice.
  • Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster founded the Henry Street Settlement in 1893, expanding public health nursing models.
  • Early public health nurses faced racial segregation and limited resources.
  • The 1918 influenza pandemic highlighted the need for community interventions.
  • The Great Depression reduced public health funding.
  • Key figures like Pearl McIver played a significant role in navigating public health during the early 20th century.
  • The Maternity and Infancy Act (Sheppard-Towner Act) boosted maternal and child health.
  • Public health nursing continued to evolve with increased collaborations and diverse approaches.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts and history of public health nursing, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures in healthcare. This quiz covers key public health achievements, practices, and frameworks that enhance community health and well-being. Test your knowledge on the role of policy and assurance in public health initiatives.

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