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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of disease response?
What is the primary purpose of disease response?
Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a disease response strategy?
Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a disease response strategy?
What is the main aim of disease surveillance?
What is the main aim of disease surveillance?
What is the essential capability of a disease surveillance system?
What is the essential capability of a disease surveillance system?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of emerging infectious diseases?
Which of the following is a characteristic of emerging infectious diseases?
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What can cause a previously controlled disease to re-emerge as a health problem?
What can cause a previously controlled disease to re-emerge as a health problem?
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What is the most important factor in preventing the spread of infectious diseases?
What is the most important factor in preventing the spread of infectious diseases?
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Which of the following is NOT a way to improve disease surveillance?
Which of the following is NOT a way to improve disease surveillance?
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What is the difference between quarantine and isolation?
What is the difference between quarantine and isolation?
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What is the role of disease response and surveillance in public health?
What is the role of disease response and surveillance in public health?
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What is the primary purpose of specifying a time range in a cause of death record?
What is the primary purpose of specifying a time range in a cause of death record?
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Which of the following should never be entered as an underlying cause of death in a Certificate of Death?
Which of the following should never be entered as an underlying cause of death in a Certificate of Death?
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What are "ill-defined causes of death" under ICD-11?
What are "ill-defined causes of death" under ICD-11?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a "garbage code" under ICD-11?
Which of the following is NOT considered a "garbage code" under ICD-11?
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What is the primary concern with using "Mechanistic Terminal Events" as a cause of death?
What is the primary concern with using "Mechanistic Terminal Events" as a cause of death?
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In which sequence should the causes of death be listed on a Certificate of Death, in terms of time?
In which sequence should the causes of death be listed on a Certificate of Death, in terms of time?
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What is the main concern with ill-defined conditions being entered as the underlying cause of death?
What is the main concern with ill-defined conditions being entered as the underlying cause of death?
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Which of the following BEST describes the purpose of identifying the underlying cause of death?
Which of the following BEST describes the purpose of identifying the underlying cause of death?
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What is a common error when reporting the underlying cause of death?
What is a common error when reporting the underlying cause of death?
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Why is it important to record the cause of death accurately?
Why is it important to record the cause of death accurately?
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What is considered primary data in public health studies?
What is considered primary data in public health studies?
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Which of the following describes secondary data?
Which of the following describes secondary data?
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Why is the quality of secondary data sometimes questionable?
Why is the quality of secondary data sometimes questionable?
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What type of documents must be accomplished to report vital events?
What type of documents must be accomplished to report vital events?
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What type of diseases must be reported to health authorities according to the law?
What type of diseases must be reported to health authorities according to the law?
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What is an example of primary data collection?
What is an example of primary data collection?
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Which statement about community health indices is true?
Which statement about community health indices is true?
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Which aspect of morbidity and mortality data sources is critical for effective public health decision-making?
Which aspect of morbidity and mortality data sources is critical for effective public health decision-making?
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What should be reported as the immediate cause of death in cases of external injuries?
What should be reported as the immediate cause of death in cases of external injuries?
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What must be included in the certification of deaths due to infections?
What must be included in the certification of deaths due to infections?
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When is it appropriate to record 'primary unknown' on the Certificate of Death?
When is it appropriate to record 'primary unknown' on the Certificate of Death?
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What is indicated when the physician is uncertain of the manner of death?
What is indicated when the physician is uncertain of the manner of death?
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Why is it important to indicate the specific site of neoplasm on the Certificate of Death?
Why is it important to indicate the specific site of neoplasm on the Certificate of Death?
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What should be reported regarding deaths due to infections when the source of infection is unknown?
What should be reported regarding deaths due to infections when the source of infection is unknown?
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What is the definition of fetal death as related to the content?
What is the definition of fetal death as related to the content?
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What is the primary purpose of reporting notifiable diseases?
What is the primary purpose of reporting notifiable diseases?
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What does elimination of a disease entail?
What does elimination of a disease entail?
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Which of the following is true about disease control?
Which of the following is true about disease control?
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What is a limitation of the data source for diseases reported by health authorities?
What is a limitation of the data source for diseases reported by health authorities?
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What does disease response include?
What does disease response include?
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What is the role of volunteer health workers and midwives in rural areas concerning disease diagnosis?
What is the role of volunteer health workers and midwives in rural areas concerning disease diagnosis?
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What legislative act mandates the reporting of communicable diseases?
What legislative act mandates the reporting of communicable diseases?
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Which of the following best describes eradication of a disease?
Which of the following best describes eradication of a disease?
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What type of data is collected from health personnel to report notifiable diseases?
What type of data is collected from health personnel to report notifiable diseases?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of disease response?
Which of the following is NOT a component of disease response?
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Flashcards
Primary Data
Primary Data
Data collected firsthand by the investigator for their specific study.
Secondary Data
Secondary Data
Data obtained from other researchers, not originally collected for the current study.
Morbidity Data
Morbidity Data
Information that indicates the prevalence of diseases in a community.
Mortality Data
Mortality Data
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Community Health Indices
Community Health Indices
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Notifiable Diseases
Notifiable Diseases
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Reports of Occurrence
Reports of Occurrence
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Civil Registries
Civil Registries
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Disease response
Disease response
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Movement restrictions
Movement restrictions
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Quarantine
Quarantine
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Isolation
Isolation
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Disease surveillance
Disease surveillance
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Data analysis
Data analysis
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Preventive measures
Preventive measures
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Outbreak control
Outbreak control
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Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
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Emergency contexts for diseases
Emergency contexts for diseases
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Time Interval in Death Certificate
Time Interval in Death Certificate
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Correct Order of Causes
Correct Order of Causes
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Ill-defined Causes of Death
Ill-defined Causes of Death
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Reporting Errors in Death Certificates
Reporting Errors in Death Certificates
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Garbage Codes
Garbage Codes
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Mechanistic Terminal Events
Mechanistic Terminal Events
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Underlying Cause
Underlying Cause
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Antecedent Cause
Antecedent Cause
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Immediate Cause
Immediate Cause
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Public Health Importance
Public Health Importance
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Elimination
Elimination
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Eradication
Eradication
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Disease Control
Disease Control
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Mandatory Reporting Act
Mandatory Reporting Act
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Clinical Diagnosis
Clinical Diagnosis
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Symptom Diagnosis
Symptom Diagnosis
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Health Surveillance
Health Surveillance
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Contact Tracing
Contact Tracing
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External cause of death
External cause of death
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Immediate cause of death
Immediate cause of death
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Undetermined Intent
Undetermined Intent
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Reporting infections
Reporting infections
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Neoplasm primary site
Neoplasm primary site
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Fetal death
Fetal death
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Study Notes
Sources of Morbidity and Mortality Data
- Students will be able to identify sources of morbidity and mortality data used in public health studies and epidemiological investigations.
- Students need to complete pertinent public documents related to civil registries of vital events.
- Students must determine community health indices with public health significance.
Sources of Data - Primary Data
- Investigator collects data directly, firsthand for the study's objectives.
- Examples include surveys, interviews, tests, or examinations on subjects to determine if they meet case definitions of specific diseases.
Sources of Data - Secondary Data
- Data gathered by other researchers for different purposes.
- This information might be helpful but the quality depends on how it was collected, the objectives of the data collection, and how individuals are categorized.
Reports of Occurrence of Notifiable Diseases
- Certain diseases are legally required to be reported to health authorities, per DOH recommendations.
- These reports provide information on the morbidity status of a community.
- Reports are typically submitted weekly for surveillance and monitoring of communicable diseases. Data is submitted by rural health units (RHUs), city health offices (CHOs), provincial health offices (PHOs), and municipal health offices (MHOs). Reporting is mandated by Republic Act 3573.
- The quality of diagnoses can be limited, especially in rural areas with limited facilities. Clinical diagnoses are often based on signs and symptoms, with less emphasis on lab testing.
Epidemic-Prone Diseases
- Detailed list of diseases are included
Elimination and Eradication
- Elimination: Reduction to zero incidence of a specific disease in a defined area. This requires ongoing intervention.
- Eradication: Permanent worldwide reduction to zero for a specific infection via deliberate efforts, such that intervention measures are no longer required.
Republic Act 11332
- Disease control refers to reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity, or mortality to an acceptable level through efforts and continued intervention.
- Disease response involves implementing specific activities to control further spread of infection, outbreaks or epidemics and to prevent re-occurrence including movement restrictions, school and business closures, quarantines, and travel restrictions.
Quarantine versus Isolation
- Quarantine: Separates and restricts well persons exposed to a communicable disease to determine if they get sick. Has roots in the French word meaning "forty days".
- Isolation: Separates sick people with communicable diseases from healthy ones to prevent the spread.
Disease Surveillance
- Ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and dissemination of outcome-specific data.
- Public health practice in terms of epidemics, emergencies, and disasters.
- Functional capacity for data analysis and timely dissemination is a critical component of a surveillance system.
Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Diseases that have not previously occurred in humans, were limited to small populations in specific areas, have been recognized more recently, are caused by unknown agents, are caused by mutated or resistant strains, or which were previously significant health problems in the past and are now becoming more widespread.
Notifiable Diseases (Category I and II)
- Detailed list of diseases, immediately and weekly notifiable .
Civil Registries of Vital Events
- Continuous, permanent, and compulsory recording of vital events (occurrences and characteristics).
- Primarily for legal documents and secondarily for statistical purposes.
Certificate of Death
- Permanent legal record containing individual's death information.
- Includes circumstances surrounding the death and is used for claiming benefits, inheritance, insurance, etc.
- The cause of death, certified by a licensed physician, is vital for record-keeping. The cause of death, entered according to precise and correct manner into a certificate, establishes the cause of death for a particular individual.
- Information is coded using the International Classification of Diseases Version 11 (ICD-11) and entered into a database by the Philippine Statistics Authority.
- Consolidated mortality statistics provide a foundation for policies, plans, and programs for the country’s health.
- Mortality data are critical for policy makers and planners to understand cause and patterns of mortality and trends.
Certificate of Death - Procedures
- The clinical diagnosis by a physician is the basis for certifying the cause of death.
- The most recent condition that leads directly to death is the immediate cause. Intervening conditions are the antecedent cause. The underlying cause is the initial disease or injury that began the series of events that led up to death.
- Time intervals between the onset of causes should be recorded.
Infant Death
- Detailed information regarding infant deaths, including causes of death, maternal conditions, and delivery method.
Ill-Defined/Non-specific Causes of Death
- Vague causes of death and symptoms, with limited usefulness to the field of public health.
- Should only be used when no other information is available.
- Modes of dying(e.g., asphyxia, exhaustion, shock) are considered ill-defined conditions.
- Reporting of mechanistic terminal events such as respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, and cardiopulmonary arrest should be avoided as underlying causes because of the potential for an uncountable number of differential diagnoses.
- Complication, such as pneumonia, sepsis, urinary tract infection, chronic bedridden state, and decubitus ulcers, should only be reported as part of a cause of death if a distinct, underlying condition exists.
Death of Women of Child-Bearing Age
- New item on Certificates of Death: Maternal Conditions, important for determining cases relating to pregnancy relevant cases for maternal death reviews.
- Maternal death refers to deaths during pregnancy, within 42 days, or related and aggravated by pregnancy but not from accidents.
- Causes include postpartum bleeding, unsafe abortion complications, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, postpartum infections, and obstructed labor.
Other Important Points
- If death cause's certainty is low use appropriate qualifiers (probable/presumed)
- Undetermined Natural Causes should be used as a last resort entry in medical certificates.
- Always use "X" marks for checkboxes. Verify accuracy of information. Don't alter, use black ink, no rubber stamps.
- Record only one cause of death per line in the "causes of death" section, including the immediate, antecedent, and underlying causes.
- Underlying cause of death must be in Part I, in the lowest available line. Add lines if necessary.
Death Involving External Injuries
- External cause (agent or force, physical or chemical),
- Bodily trauma caused by the event, and
- Fatal derangement as a result.
- If uncertain, the certifier can indicate "Undetermined Intent".
Death from Infectious Diseases
- Infectious disease manifestation or body site should be reported.
- Causative agent or sources of infection (e.g., food, contaminated blood) should be reported.
- Underlying conditions that could be linked to the infection and cause the demise, should be stated.
Death from Neoplasms
- Specific site of the neoplasm is critical for public health prevention strategies.
- Primary site to be stated, even when removed before death.
- Secondary growth site should be reported as due to primary site, if present.
- If the primary site is unknown, record “primary unknown”.
- Primary site is often the underlying reason for the death.
Fetal Death
- Demise before expulsion of the product of conception, regardless of pregnancy duration.
- Death is indicated by no breathing, heart beat, umbilical cord pulsation, and/or voluntary muscle movement. Specific forms must be used for causes of death for fetuses 20 weeks gestation and older.
Periprocedural Death
- Demise during or due to diagnostic, therapy, anesthetic, or operative procedures.
- Includes misadventure, iatrogenesis, and errors.
- Accidental deaths: the procedure would not have caused the death and would have occurred anyway.
- Natural deaths: the procedure is not the cause of death but is inevitable/imminent.
Death Under Medico-Legal Examination
- Reports should be made to the authorities of the Philippine National Police (PNP) or the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI).
- Violence or crimes causing death. This list includes stab wounds, gunshot wounds, suicide of any kind, strangulation, accidents resulting to death, assault, violence, undetermined cause.
Dead on Arrival
- Death occurring in the ER after initial life-saving efforts, regardless of the patient’s time in the ER.
- The ER officer will accomplish the certificate if a cause of death can be precisely specified.
- Otherwise, the medico-legal officer of the hospital or the local health officer determines the cause and issues the certificate.
Certificate of Live Birth
- Gravidity: The total number of pregnancies.
- Parity: The number of pregnancies that reached viability.
Issues on Paternity (Illegitimate Children) and Legitimation
- Laws regarding the surname and parental authority.
- Legal recognition of paternity/non-paternity.
- Rules regarding registration differences.
- Rights of legitimate children.
Fetal Death in Utero
- Definitions of "abortus" based on US National Center for Health (500g or <20 weeks gestation)
Obstetrical-Gynecological Code
- Classification of pregnancies
- Explanations of Gravidity and Parity (number of pregnancies and live births)
In Summary
- Summary of the information discussed in the presentation.
References
- Citations for each source of information.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of disease response and surveillance in public health. This quiz covers topics like disease surveillance systems, emerging infectious diseases, and the differences between quarantine and isolation. Perfect for students and professionals interested in public health and epidemiology.