Infectious Disease Response Quiz
45 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Disease response involves actions taken to prevent the spread of infections, outbreaks, and epidemics, as well as measures to stop re-occurrence.

True (A)

Which of the following are NOT included in disease response measures?

  • Quarantine in specific areas
  • School and business closures
  • Movement restrictions
  • Public awareness campaigns (correct)
  • Disease surveillance involves the ______, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of outcome-specific data related to public health.

    systematic collection

    What is the primary purpose of disease surveillance?

    <p>To provide information for planning, implementing, and evaluating public health practices related to epidemics, emergencies, and disasters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scenarios with the type of emerging infectious disease they represent:

    <p>A previously unknown virus causing widespread illness = Newly emerging infectious disease A strain of influenza virus becoming resistant to antiviral medications = Re-emerging infectious disease A bacteria causing a disease in a remote area with limited human contact = Newly emerging infectious disease A parasite found to be responsible for a previously unidentified illness = Newly emerging infectious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following could be categorized as a re-emerging infectious disease?

    <p>A virus causing a disease that was once eradicated in a region but has reappeared (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The construction of facilities for the ______ of health and emergency front liners is part of a disease response strategy.

    <p>quarantine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between quarantine and isolation.

    <p>Quarantine separates individuals who may have been exposed to a disease but are not yet showing symptoms, while isolation separates individuals who are confirmed to have a disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a periprocedural death as accidental?

    <p>Death would not have occurred if the procedure was not done. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A physician is required to report a death to authorities only if it is confirmed to be caused by an accident.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if the ER Officer cannot provide a definite diagnosis for a death?

    <p>Refer the case to the medico-legal officer or local health officer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gravidity refers to a woman's pregnancy state, while parity refers to a previous pregnancy that has reached the period of __________.

    <p>viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of children with their definitions:

    <p>Legitimate Children = Born to legally married parents Illegitimate Children = Born to parents who are not married Legitimated Children = Illegitimate children whose parents marry after their birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a cause warranting a report to authorities?

    <p>Chronic illness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emergency room deaths include patients who were __________ but eventually died in the ER.

    <p>revived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a purpose of the medico-legal certificate?

    <p>Conduct criminal investigations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immediate cause of death is listed at the bottom of the Medical Certificate.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as the underlying cause of death?

    <p>The disease or injury that initiated the chain of events leading to death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ cause is the disease or injury that initiated the train of morbid events leading to death.

    <p>underlying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the interval of time between the onset of the disease and death be noted as if unknown?

    <p>Unknown or approximately (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the causes of death with their descriptions:

    <p>Immediate cause = Cause directly leading to death Antecedent cause = Intervening causes between immediate and underlying causes Underlying cause = Condition that initiated the chain of events leading to death Contributory cause = Co-existing or pre-existing conditions contributing to death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mortality statistics are primarily based on the immediate cause of death.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Medical Certificate of Death in relation to infectious diseases?

    <p>To provide indicators of existing infectious diseases that require immediate control measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Part II of the Medical Certificate includes significant or contributory _______ that contributed to death.

    <p>diseases or conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the conditions of medical importance categorized in the Medical Certificate?

    <p>Underlying and contributory causes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a top cause of maternal death?

    <p>Cardiac arrest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A maternal death encompasses any death that occurs up to 42 days after the termination of pregnancy.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be clearly indicated for women who die during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination?

    <p>Maternal Condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition on line (a) must always have an entry, and if it results from another condition, it must be placed on line ______.

    <p>(b)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of a verbal autopsy?

    <p>To determine the cause of death at a community level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A medical doctor conducts the initial interview in a verbal autopsy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes of maternal death with their description:

    <p>Post-partum bleeding = Severe blood loss after childbirth Unsafe abortion = Health complications resulting from illegal abortion Hypertensive disorders = High blood pressure during pregnancy Post-partum infections = Infections occurring after childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who reviews the pattern of responses in a verbal autopsy to determine the probable cause of death?

    <p>A licensed physician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about reporting causes of death is true?

    <p>Only one etiology can be recorded per line. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Undetermined Natural Cause' can be used if the cause of death is uncertain, but seems to be natural.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Verbal autopsy instruments are based on the assumption that each cause of death has a distinct pattern of __________.

    <p>signs and symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following roles with their responsibilities in the verbal autopsy process:

    <p>Interviewer = Conducts the initial interview Licensed Physician = Determines probable cause of death Local Health Officer = Acts as certifying officer if no medical attendant is present Mayor = May issue a Certificate of Death for burial purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ink color must be used for signing the Certificate of Death?

    <p>Permanent black ink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the absence of a medical attendant, who is the certifying officer for a death?

    <p>The Mayor or local health officer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The new item on the revised Certificate of Death regarding maternal conditions is labeled ______.

    <p>19c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The verbal autopsy method is used exclusively in urban areas.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT included in maternal death statistics?

    <p>Unintentional injuries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two stages are involved in the physician-coded verbal autopsy procedure?

    <p>Interviewing the family and reviewing responses by a physician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If there is no medical attendant at death, the certifying officer is the __________.

    <p>local health officer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the verbal autopsy method?

    <p>It requires contact with the health system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Periprocedural Death

    An accidental death that occurs due to a medical procedure.

    Medico-legal Case

    A situation where the cause of death is due to violence or crime.

    Emergency Room (ER) Deaths

    Patient mortality occurring in the ER, including those revived but later died.

    Certificate of Death

    A document issued upon someone's death, certifying the cause.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Gravidity

    The state of being pregnant, encompasses all pregnancies.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Parity

    The number of pregnancies that reached viability.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Illegitimate Children

    Children born outside of legally recognized marriage.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Disease response

    Activities implemented to control the spread of infections and outbreaks.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Movement restrictions

    Limiting the travel of individuals to prevent infection spread.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Quarantine

    Separation of individuals who may have been exposed to a disease.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Isolation

    Separating infected individuals from those who are healthy.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Disease surveillance

    Systematic collection and analysis of health data to guide public health.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Data analysis

    The process of examining data to inform health decisions and actions.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Timely dissemination

    Prompt sharing of health information to relevant parties.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Epidemic control

    Strategies used to manage and reduce the impact of outbreaks.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Maternal Death

    Death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Top Causes of Maternal Death

    Common reasons include postpartum bleeding and unsafe abortion complications.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Maternal Condition (Death Certificate)

    A section to indicate maternal status during death for women aged 15-49.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Probable or Presumed

    Qualifying terms used when cause of death is uncertain.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Undetermined Natural Cause

    Entry for deaths caused by unidentifiable natural causes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Immediate Cause of Death

    The direct reason listed on line (a) of the cause of death.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Underlying Cause of Death

    The root condition leading to the immediate cause, noted last.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Filling Death Certificates

    Do not alter or abbreviate in the death certification process.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Verification of Identification Data

    Checking to ensure the name and information are correct on the certificate.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    One Etiology Per Line

    Only list one cause of death per line in certification.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Verbal Autopsy

    A method to determine cause of death via interviews.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Objective of Verbal Autopsy

    To describe causes of death in communities with weak registration systems.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Interview Process

    An interviewer conducts a standardized questionnaire with the family.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Role of Physician

    A licensed physician reviews patterns from the interviews to diagnose death causes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Assumptions of Verbal Autopsy

    Each cause of death has distinct sign and symptom patterns recognizable by relatives.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Sign and Symptom Reporting

    Family members report signs, symptoms, and medical history of the deceased.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Standard Questionnaire

    A set form used to gather consistent information during the interview.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Certification of Death

    Official recording of death by an authorized individual after verbal autopsy.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    No Medical Attendant

    If a death occurs without medical presence, local health officer certifies death.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Community Level Focus

    Verbal autopsy aims to gather death data at a local or population level.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Medico-legal officer

    An official responsible for certifying deaths in legal cases.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Prima facie evidence of death

    Initial evidence suggesting death has occurred, requiring further verification.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Antecedent cause of death

    Other causes contributing to death that occur between the underlying and immediate causes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Part II of the Medical Certificate

    Section that lists other significant diseases contributing to death but not leading directly.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Mortality statistics

    Data collected regarding causes of death used for public health insights.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Health priorities

    Identified health issues requiring immediate action to prevent future deaths.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Mortality surveillance

    Monitoring and analyzing death data for patterns and health policy planning.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Interval estimation in death

    The time duration between the onset of the death cause and the actual death occurrence.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Sources of Morbidity and Mortality Data

    • Ramon Jason M. Javier, MD, MSTM, FPAFP, FPASCOM, is the Professor/Past Chair of the Department of Preventive and Community Medicine at the College of Medicine, UERMMMCI.
    • He is also the Founding Chair of the Department of Family and Community Medicine at UERM Memorial Hospital.
    • He is a specialist in Family and Community Medicine and Tropical Medicine at The Medical City Clinic and ProSer Health Services, Inc.

    Objectives

    • Students will be able to identify various sources of morbidity and mortality data used in public health studies and investigations.
    • Students will be able to complete pertinent public documents related to vital events in civil registries.
    • Students will be able to identify important community health indices that are significant for public health.

    Sources of Data - Primary Data

    • Primary data is gathered directly by the investigator for the specific aims of the study.
    • Includes data from surveys, interviews, tests, and examinations to determine if a participant meets the criteria for a specific disease or condition.

    Sources of Data - Secondary Data

    • Secondary data is obtained from other researchers for purposes different from the investigator's current study.
    • The quality of secondary data is dependent on how it was collected, the objectives behind data collection, and the classification systems used.

    Sources of Data - Barangay Health Records

    • Data on social hygiene clinics, community visits, and health records from Barangay Batis, San Juan City, from August 2022.

    Reports of Occurrence of Notifiable Diseases

    • Certain diseases are required by law to be notified or reported to health authorities following Department of Health recommendations.
    • These reports provide information on the morbidity status of the community.
    • Reporting typically occurs weekly and is crucial for surveillance and monitoring of communicable diseases.
    • Data is compiled from rural health units, city health offices, provincial health offices, and municipal health offices.
    • Republic Act 3573 mandates immediate reporting of any communicable disease to the nearest health officer.

    Epidemiologic-Prone Diseases

    • This list details various diseases monitored for epidemic outbreaks.

    Diseases Targeted for Eradication or Elimination

    • This list outlines diseases targeted for global eradication based on the WHO strategy.

    Other Diseases or Conditions of Public Health Importance

    • This category includes diseases and conditions of public health importance for surveillance and monitoring.

    Elimination versus Eradication

    • Elimination describes the reduction of a disease incidence to zero within a specific geographical area.
    • Eradication involves the worldwide reduction to zero of a disease incidence.

    Limitations of Reporting Notifiable Diseases

    • The quality of diagnosis can be affected by the lack of readily-available laboratory facilities in certain areas.
    • In some rural areas, frontline healthcare providers (such as midwives and volunteer health workers) primarily base their diagnostics on clinical symptoms instead of laboratory tests, which potentially leads to less detailed diagnosis reporting.

    Republic Act 11332

    • This Act focuses on mandatory reporting for notifiable diseases and public health. This Act mandates disease control, which encompasses decreasing the incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of diseases to locally acceptable levels.
    • Disease response encompasses actions to contain outbreaks or epidemics to prevent recurrence. This includes restrictions on movement, school closures, and business closures, quarantine measures, international and domestic travel limitations, and support for health personnel.

    Quarantine vs. Isolation

    • Quarantine isolates people who may have been exposed to communicable illnesses to observe whether they become sick.
    • Isolation separates people with communicable diseases from healthy individuals.

    Disease Surveillance

    • Disease surveillance involves continuous, systematic data collection, analysis, and dissemination on outcomes.
    • Includes public health practice in relation to epidemics, emergencies, and disasters.

    Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

    • These diseases either haven't occurred in humans previously or recur after a long period of disappearance.
    • They can include new, mutated, or resistant strains of known infectious agents.

    Notifiable Diseases

    • This section categorizes diseases/syndromes into immediately notifiable (Category I) and weekly notifiable (Category II) groups.
    • It outlines the various illnesses that fall in the notifiable categories.

    Civil Registries of Vital Events

    • Civil registration systematically documents vital events, including deaths, births, marriages, and deaths, in adherence with legal frameworks.
    • Primarily serves as official records and evidence, but also as a source of vital statistics for statistical analysis.

    Certificate of Death

    • A permanent, legal record containing an individual's death information, including surrounding circumstances.
    • It serves for claims, inheritance, insurance, and burial arrangements.
    • The cause of death is certified by a licensed doctor as a clinical diagnosis.
    • The information is coded using the International Classification of Diseases version 11 entered into the database.
    • The consolidated mortality statistics are the basis for health policies, plans, and programs.

    Causes of Death

    • This details the different causes of death based on how they are categorized in a medical certificate.

    Verbal Autopsy

    • A systematic method used to determine cause of death in areas with limited medical services through interviews with family members or caregivers.

    Who Certifies Death

    • If a medical attendant is present, he/she certifies the death.
    • If not, it falls to the local health officer.
    • If the health officer is unavailable, the Mayor or other authorized member of the Sangguniang Bayan/Municipal Secretary can issue a certificate for burial purposes only.
    • Medico-legal cases are handled by medico-legal officers.

    Uses of Certificates of Death

    • Serves as prima facie evidence of death in legal contexts.
    • Useful for claims, pensions, insurance, and tax exemptions.
    • Serves as evidence in estate settlements and re-marriage processes.
    • Used to discern and track health patterns.
    • Provides information to family members about possible causes and any preventive measures.

    Uses of Death Statistics

    • Provide indicators for infectious diseases and epidemics requiring immediate control.
    • Forms the basis for programs promoting public safety and crime eradication.
    • Basis for mortality surveillance, health policy/program planning, and epidemiological research.
    • Used to study mortality differentials for epidemiological interpretations.

    Certificate of Death Details

    • Various sections outline the procedure for reporting all causes of death, both immediate, antecedent, and underlying.

    Ill-Defined and Non-Specific Causes of Death

    • This elaborates on codes for death involving vague or insufficient descriptions in official documents.
    • Avoids using mechanistic terminal events (e.g., respiratory or cardiac arrest) as the underlying or main cause of death.

    Modes of Dying

    • This list displays various "modes of dying" that should not be reported as the underlying cause of death.

    Death from Infectious Diseases

    • This explains criteria for recording deaths from infectious diseases, such as specifying the involved body site/manifestation, causative agent, and contributing factors like weakened immunity.

    Death from Neoplasms

    • It emphasizes the importance of reporting the specific site of the neoplasm in the certificate of death to allow for targeted prevention strategies in public health.
    • Reporting the original tumor site is necessary, even if the tumor was removed before death.
    • Secondary growth resulting from primary sites should also be documented.

    Fetal Death

    • Fetal death precedes complete expulsion of the fetus.
    • Death is indicated by the absence of breathing or signs of life (e.g., heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation, and muscle movement).
    • A separate form (Municipal Form No 103A) exists for recording fetal deaths aged 20 weeks and older, accounting for the time from last menstrual period to delivery.

    Periprocedural Death

    • Death occurring during or after a medical procedure.
    • Can be considered natural if death was imminent without the procedure.
    • Considered an accident if death would not have occurred without the procedure.
    • Medical/legal authorities should be notified if believed violence or crime played a part in the death.
    • Medical professionals need to report deaths due to violence, crime, or injuries.
    • This requires reporting to the concerned authorities (e.g., Philippine National Police (PNP), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)).

    Death on Arrival

    • Such deaths occur in the ER after attempts at resuscitation.
    • The ER Officer completes the Certificate of Death if a definitive diagnosis is available, otherwise the hospital or local health officer will take over the task.

    Certificate of Live Birth

    • Gravidity denotes pregnant state. (past or present)
    • Parity denotes previous pregnancies beyond the period of viability.
    • A woman who delivers twins in the first pregnancy is still G1P1.

    Issues on Paternity and Illegitimate Children

    • Covers legal guidelines, particularly RA 9255, related to surnames and parental rights of illegitimate children.

    Fetal Death in Utero

    • A fetus is considered an infant until a specific criterion of its removal or expulsion from the uterus is reached.
    • Criteria are based on gestational age, birth measurement, and whether or not there is an accurate calculation for the dating of pregnancy.

    Obstetrical-Gynecological Code

    • This provides important codes for obstetrics and gynecology to help denote different pregnancy stages and situations, like pregnancy status, viability, abortion history, or whether or not the patient delivered children.

    Summary

    • Several data sources help researchers in the investigation of morbidity and mortality indicators.
    • Official vital records (Certificates of Death, Fetal Death, and Live Birth) supply vital information.

    References

    • Review notes in epidemiology and research methods.
    • Official guides and handbooks for recording cases of death or live birth.
    • Guidelines and implementing rules of Republic Act 11332 or the Mandatory Reporting of Notifiable Diseases and Health Events of Public Health Concern Act.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Description

    Test your knowledge on disease response measures, surveillance, and the distinction between quarantine and isolation. This quiz covers various scenarios related to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, along with aspects of accidental death reporting in healthcare. Challenge yourself to understand key concepts in public health.

    More Like This

    Outbreak Investigation and Response
    11 questions
    Public Health Response to Virus Outbreak
    16 questions
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser