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Disease response involves actions taken to prevent the spread of infections, outbreaks, and epidemics, as well as measures to stop re-occurrence.
Disease response involves actions taken to prevent the spread of infections, outbreaks, and epidemics, as well as measures to stop re-occurrence.
True (A)
Which of the following are NOT included in disease response measures?
Which of the following are NOT included in disease response measures?
Disease surveillance involves the ______, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of outcome-specific data related to public health.
Disease surveillance involves the ______, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of outcome-specific data related to public health.
systematic collection
What is the primary purpose of disease surveillance?
What is the primary purpose of disease surveillance?
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Match the following scenarios with the type of emerging infectious disease they represent:
Match the following scenarios with the type of emerging infectious disease they represent:
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Which of the following could be categorized as a re-emerging infectious disease?
Which of the following could be categorized as a re-emerging infectious disease?
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The construction of facilities for the ______ of health and emergency front liners is part of a disease response strategy.
The construction of facilities for the ______ of health and emergency front liners is part of a disease response strategy.
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Explain the difference between quarantine and isolation.
Explain the difference between quarantine and isolation.
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What defines a periprocedural death as accidental?
What defines a periprocedural death as accidental?
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A physician is required to report a death to authorities only if it is confirmed to be caused by an accident.
A physician is required to report a death to authorities only if it is confirmed to be caused by an accident.
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What should be done if the ER Officer cannot provide a definite diagnosis for a death?
What should be done if the ER Officer cannot provide a definite diagnosis for a death?
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Gravidity refers to a woman's pregnancy state, while parity refers to a previous pregnancy that has reached the period of __________.
Gravidity refers to a woman's pregnancy state, while parity refers to a previous pregnancy that has reached the period of __________.
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Match the types of children with their definitions:
Match the types of children with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT considered a cause warranting a report to authorities?
Which of the following is NOT considered a cause warranting a report to authorities?
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Emergency room deaths include patients who were __________ but eventually died in the ER.
Emergency room deaths include patients who were __________ but eventually died in the ER.
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Which of the following is not a purpose of the medico-legal certificate?
Which of the following is not a purpose of the medico-legal certificate?
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The immediate cause of death is listed at the bottom of the Medical Certificate.
The immediate cause of death is listed at the bottom of the Medical Certificate.
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What is referred to as the underlying cause of death?
What is referred to as the underlying cause of death?
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The _______ cause is the disease or injury that initiated the train of morbid events leading to death.
The _______ cause is the disease or injury that initiated the train of morbid events leading to death.
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What should the interval of time between the onset of the disease and death be noted as if unknown?
What should the interval of time between the onset of the disease and death be noted as if unknown?
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Match the causes of death with their descriptions:
Match the causes of death with their descriptions:
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Mortality statistics are primarily based on the immediate cause of death.
Mortality statistics are primarily based on the immediate cause of death.
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What is the purpose of the Medical Certificate of Death in relation to infectious diseases?
What is the purpose of the Medical Certificate of Death in relation to infectious diseases?
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Part II of the Medical Certificate includes significant or contributory _______ that contributed to death.
Part II of the Medical Certificate includes significant or contributory _______ that contributed to death.
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How are the conditions of medical importance categorized in the Medical Certificate?
How are the conditions of medical importance categorized in the Medical Certificate?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a top cause of maternal death?
Which of the following is NOT considered a top cause of maternal death?
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A maternal death encompasses any death that occurs up to 42 days after the termination of pregnancy.
A maternal death encompasses any death that occurs up to 42 days after the termination of pregnancy.
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What must be clearly indicated for women who die during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination?
What must be clearly indicated for women who die during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination?
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The condition on line (a) must always have an entry, and if it results from another condition, it must be placed on line ______.
The condition on line (a) must always have an entry, and if it results from another condition, it must be placed on line ______.
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What is the main objective of a verbal autopsy?
What is the main objective of a verbal autopsy?
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A medical doctor conducts the initial interview in a verbal autopsy.
A medical doctor conducts the initial interview in a verbal autopsy.
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Match the following causes of maternal death with their description:
Match the following causes of maternal death with their description:
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Who reviews the pattern of responses in a verbal autopsy to determine the probable cause of death?
Who reviews the pattern of responses in a verbal autopsy to determine the probable cause of death?
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Which of the following statements about reporting causes of death is true?
Which of the following statements about reporting causes of death is true?
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'Undetermined Natural Cause' can be used if the cause of death is uncertain, but seems to be natural.
'Undetermined Natural Cause' can be used if the cause of death is uncertain, but seems to be natural.
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Verbal autopsy instruments are based on the assumption that each cause of death has a distinct pattern of __________.
Verbal autopsy instruments are based on the assumption that each cause of death has a distinct pattern of __________.
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Match the following roles with their responsibilities in the verbal autopsy process:
Match the following roles with their responsibilities in the verbal autopsy process:
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What ink color must be used for signing the Certificate of Death?
What ink color must be used for signing the Certificate of Death?
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In the absence of a medical attendant, who is the certifying officer for a death?
In the absence of a medical attendant, who is the certifying officer for a death?
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The new item on the revised Certificate of Death regarding maternal conditions is labeled ______.
The new item on the revised Certificate of Death regarding maternal conditions is labeled ______.
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The verbal autopsy method is used exclusively in urban areas.
The verbal autopsy method is used exclusively in urban areas.
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Which factor is NOT included in maternal death statistics?
Which factor is NOT included in maternal death statistics?
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What two stages are involved in the physician-coded verbal autopsy procedure?
What two stages are involved in the physician-coded verbal autopsy procedure?
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If there is no medical attendant at death, the certifying officer is the __________.
If there is no medical attendant at death, the certifying officer is the __________.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the verbal autopsy method?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the verbal autopsy method?
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Flashcards
Periprocedural Death
Periprocedural Death
An accidental death that occurs due to a medical procedure.
Medico-legal Case
Medico-legal Case
A situation where the cause of death is due to violence or crime.
Emergency Room (ER) Deaths
Emergency Room (ER) Deaths
Patient mortality occurring in the ER, including those revived but later died.
Certificate of Death
Certificate of Death
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Gravidity
Gravidity
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Parity
Parity
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Illegitimate Children
Illegitimate Children
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Disease response
Disease response
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Movement restrictions
Movement restrictions
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Quarantine
Quarantine
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Isolation
Isolation
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Disease surveillance
Disease surveillance
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Data analysis
Data analysis
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Timely dissemination
Timely dissemination
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Epidemic control
Epidemic control
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Maternal Death
Maternal Death
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Top Causes of Maternal Death
Top Causes of Maternal Death
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Maternal Condition (Death Certificate)
Maternal Condition (Death Certificate)
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Probable or Presumed
Probable or Presumed
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Undetermined Natural Cause
Undetermined Natural Cause
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Immediate Cause of Death
Immediate Cause of Death
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Underlying Cause of Death
Underlying Cause of Death
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Filling Death Certificates
Filling Death Certificates
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Verification of Identification Data
Verification of Identification Data
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One Etiology Per Line
One Etiology Per Line
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Verbal Autopsy
Verbal Autopsy
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Objective of Verbal Autopsy
Objective of Verbal Autopsy
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Interview Process
Interview Process
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Role of Physician
Role of Physician
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Assumptions of Verbal Autopsy
Assumptions of Verbal Autopsy
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Sign and Symptom Reporting
Sign and Symptom Reporting
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Standard Questionnaire
Standard Questionnaire
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Certification of Death
Certification of Death
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No Medical Attendant
No Medical Attendant
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Community Level Focus
Community Level Focus
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Medico-legal officer
Medico-legal officer
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Prima facie evidence of death
Prima facie evidence of death
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Antecedent cause of death
Antecedent cause of death
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Part II of the Medical Certificate
Part II of the Medical Certificate
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Mortality statistics
Mortality statistics
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Health priorities
Health priorities
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Mortality surveillance
Mortality surveillance
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Interval estimation in death
Interval estimation in death
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Study Notes
Sources of Morbidity and Mortality Data
- Ramon Jason M. Javier, MD, MSTM, FPAFP, FPASCOM, is the Professor/Past Chair of the Department of Preventive and Community Medicine at the College of Medicine, UERMMMCI.
- He is also the Founding Chair of the Department of Family and Community Medicine at UERM Memorial Hospital.
- He is a specialist in Family and Community Medicine and Tropical Medicine at The Medical City Clinic and ProSer Health Services, Inc.
Objectives
- Students will be able to identify various sources of morbidity and mortality data used in public health studies and investigations.
- Students will be able to complete pertinent public documents related to vital events in civil registries.
- Students will be able to identify important community health indices that are significant for public health.
Sources of Data - Primary Data
- Primary data is gathered directly by the investigator for the specific aims of the study.
- Includes data from surveys, interviews, tests, and examinations to determine if a participant meets the criteria for a specific disease or condition.
Sources of Data - Secondary Data
- Secondary data is obtained from other researchers for purposes different from the investigator's current study.
- The quality of secondary data is dependent on how it was collected, the objectives behind data collection, and the classification systems used.
Sources of Data - Barangay Health Records
- Data on social hygiene clinics, community visits, and health records from Barangay Batis, San Juan City, from August 2022.
Reports of Occurrence of Notifiable Diseases
- Certain diseases are required by law to be notified or reported to health authorities following Department of Health recommendations.
- These reports provide information on the morbidity status of the community.
- Reporting typically occurs weekly and is crucial for surveillance and monitoring of communicable diseases.
- Data is compiled from rural health units, city health offices, provincial health offices, and municipal health offices.
- Republic Act 3573 mandates immediate reporting of any communicable disease to the nearest health officer.
Epidemiologic-Prone Diseases
- This list details various diseases monitored for epidemic outbreaks.
Diseases Targeted for Eradication or Elimination
- This list outlines diseases targeted for global eradication based on the WHO strategy.
Other Diseases or Conditions of Public Health Importance
- This category includes diseases and conditions of public health importance for surveillance and monitoring.
Elimination versus Eradication
- Elimination describes the reduction of a disease incidence to zero within a specific geographical area.
- Eradication involves the worldwide reduction to zero of a disease incidence.
Limitations of Reporting Notifiable Diseases
- The quality of diagnosis can be affected by the lack of readily-available laboratory facilities in certain areas.
- In some rural areas, frontline healthcare providers (such as midwives and volunteer health workers) primarily base their diagnostics on clinical symptoms instead of laboratory tests, which potentially leads to less detailed diagnosis reporting.
Republic Act 11332
- This Act focuses on mandatory reporting for notifiable diseases and public health. This Act mandates disease control, which encompasses decreasing the incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of diseases to locally acceptable levels.
- Disease response encompasses actions to contain outbreaks or epidemics to prevent recurrence. This includes restrictions on movement, school closures, and business closures, quarantine measures, international and domestic travel limitations, and support for health personnel.
Quarantine vs. Isolation
- Quarantine isolates people who may have been exposed to communicable illnesses to observe whether they become sick.
- Isolation separates people with communicable diseases from healthy individuals.
Disease Surveillance
- Disease surveillance involves continuous, systematic data collection, analysis, and dissemination on outcomes.
- Includes public health practice in relation to epidemics, emergencies, and disasters.
Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
- These diseases either haven't occurred in humans previously or recur after a long period of disappearance.
- They can include new, mutated, or resistant strains of known infectious agents.
Notifiable Diseases
- This section categorizes diseases/syndromes into immediately notifiable (Category I) and weekly notifiable (Category II) groups.
- It outlines the various illnesses that fall in the notifiable categories.
Civil Registries of Vital Events
- Civil registration systematically documents vital events, including deaths, births, marriages, and deaths, in adherence with legal frameworks.
- Primarily serves as official records and evidence, but also as a source of vital statistics for statistical analysis.
Certificate of Death
- A permanent, legal record containing an individual's death information, including surrounding circumstances.
- It serves for claims, inheritance, insurance, and burial arrangements.
- The cause of death is certified by a licensed doctor as a clinical diagnosis.
- The information is coded using the International Classification of Diseases version 11 entered into the database.
- The consolidated mortality statistics are the basis for health policies, plans, and programs.
Causes of Death
- This details the different causes of death based on how they are categorized in a medical certificate.
Verbal Autopsy
- A systematic method used to determine cause of death in areas with limited medical services through interviews with family members or caregivers.
Who Certifies Death
- If a medical attendant is present, he/she certifies the death.
- If not, it falls to the local health officer.
- If the health officer is unavailable, the Mayor or other authorized member of the Sangguniang Bayan/Municipal Secretary can issue a certificate for burial purposes only.
- Medico-legal cases are handled by medico-legal officers.
Uses of Certificates of Death
- Serves as prima facie evidence of death in legal contexts.
- Useful for claims, pensions, insurance, and tax exemptions.
- Serves as evidence in estate settlements and re-marriage processes.
- Used to discern and track health patterns.
- Provides information to family members about possible causes and any preventive measures.
Uses of Death Statistics
- Provide indicators for infectious diseases and epidemics requiring immediate control.
- Forms the basis for programs promoting public safety and crime eradication.
- Basis for mortality surveillance, health policy/program planning, and epidemiological research.
- Used to study mortality differentials for epidemiological interpretations.
Certificate of Death Details
- Various sections outline the procedure for reporting all causes of death, both immediate, antecedent, and underlying.
Ill-Defined and Non-Specific Causes of Death
- This elaborates on codes for death involving vague or insufficient descriptions in official documents.
- Avoids using mechanistic terminal events (e.g., respiratory or cardiac arrest) as the underlying or main cause of death.
Modes of Dying
- This list displays various "modes of dying" that should not be reported as the underlying cause of death.
Death from Infectious Diseases
- This explains criteria for recording deaths from infectious diseases, such as specifying the involved body site/manifestation, causative agent, and contributing factors like weakened immunity.
Death from Neoplasms
- It emphasizes the importance of reporting the specific site of the neoplasm in the certificate of death to allow for targeted prevention strategies in public health.
- Reporting the original tumor site is necessary, even if the tumor was removed before death.
- Secondary growth resulting from primary sites should also be documented.
Fetal Death
- Fetal death precedes complete expulsion of the fetus.
- Death is indicated by the absence of breathing or signs of life (e.g., heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation, and muscle movement).
- A separate form (Municipal Form No 103A) exists for recording fetal deaths aged 20 weeks and older, accounting for the time from last menstrual period to delivery.
Periprocedural Death
- Death occurring during or after a medical procedure.
- Can be considered natural if death was imminent without the procedure.
- Considered an accident if death would not have occurred without the procedure.
- Medical/legal authorities should be notified if believed violence or crime played a part in the death.
Death Under Medico-Legal Examination
- Medical professionals need to report deaths due to violence, crime, or injuries.
- This requires reporting to the concerned authorities (e.g., Philippine National Police (PNP), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)).
Death on Arrival
- Such deaths occur in the ER after attempts at resuscitation.
- The ER Officer completes the Certificate of Death if a definitive diagnosis is available, otherwise the hospital or local health officer will take over the task.
Certificate of Live Birth
- Gravidity denotes pregnant state. (past or present)
- Parity denotes previous pregnancies beyond the period of viability.
- A woman who delivers twins in the first pregnancy is still G1P1.
Issues on Paternity and Illegitimate Children
- Covers legal guidelines, particularly RA 9255, related to surnames and parental rights of illegitimate children.
Fetal Death in Utero
- A fetus is considered an infant until a specific criterion of its removal or expulsion from the uterus is reached.
- Criteria are based on gestational age, birth measurement, and whether or not there is an accurate calculation for the dating of pregnancy.
Obstetrical-Gynecological Code
- This provides important codes for obstetrics and gynecology to help denote different pregnancy stages and situations, like pregnancy status, viability, abortion history, or whether or not the patient delivered children.
Summary
- Several data sources help researchers in the investigation of morbidity and mortality indicators.
- Official vital records (Certificates of Death, Fetal Death, and Live Birth) supply vital information.
References
- Review notes in epidemiology and research methods.
- Official guides and handbooks for recording cases of death or live birth.
- Guidelines and implementing rules of Republic Act 11332 or the Mandatory Reporting of Notifiable Diseases and Health Events of Public Health Concern Act.
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Description
Test your knowledge on disease response measures, surveillance, and the distinction between quarantine and isolation. This quiz covers various scenarios related to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, along with aspects of accidental death reporting in healthcare. Challenge yourself to understand key concepts in public health.