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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus when studying population health?
What is the primary focus when studying population health?
Which term refers to measurable variations in health across individuals or groups?
Which term refers to measurable variations in health across individuals or groups?
What can exacerbate pre-existing health inequalities according to recent discussions?
What can exacerbate pre-existing health inequalities according to recent discussions?
What are social determinants of health primarily concerned with?
What are social determinants of health primarily concerned with?
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What is one consequence of addressing inequalities in health?
What is one consequence of addressing inequalities in health?
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How do social determinants impact individual health experiences?
How do social determinants impact individual health experiences?
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Which factor is NOT considered a social determinant of health?
Which factor is NOT considered a social determinant of health?
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Which type of inequality is typically viewed as having a moral dimension?
Which type of inequality is typically viewed as having a moral dimension?
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What role does climate change play in relation to health?
What role does climate change play in relation to health?
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Which of the following is NOT a focus of primary prevention?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of primary prevention?
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What does Diderichson’s Conceptual Model aim to address?
What does Diderichson’s Conceptual Model aim to address?
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What is an example of secondary prevention?
What is an example of secondary prevention?
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Which of the following is a method to reduce health inequalities?
Which of the following is a method to reduce health inequalities?
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What is referred to by the term 'downstream equity'?
What is referred to by the term 'downstream equity'?
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Which study identified a steep inverse association between social class and mortality?
Which study identified a steep inverse association between social class and mortality?
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What has been generally accepted regarding income inequality?
What has been generally accepted regarding income inequality?
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What can be a consequence of differences in employment grade according to the studies mentioned?
What can be a consequence of differences in employment grade according to the studies mentioned?
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What did the Whitehall studies contribute to global discussions?
What did the Whitehall studies contribute to global discussions?
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Which of the following variables complicates the association between income and health outcomes?
Which of the following variables complicates the association between income and health outcomes?
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What is the primary focus of the concept of 'equity in resources'?
What is the primary focus of the concept of 'equity in resources'?
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Which behavior is associated with employment grade differences in the studies mentioned?
Which behavior is associated with employment grade differences in the studies mentioned?
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What is the primary focus of cost-effective solutions discussed?
What is the primary focus of cost-effective solutions discussed?
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Which of the following accurately describes the role of medical practitioners in change evaluation?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of medical practitioners in change evaluation?
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What does the Clear Toolkit aim to address?
What does the Clear Toolkit aim to address?
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Which stakeholders' findings should be summarized?
Which stakeholders' findings should be summarized?
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What is a key purpose of evaluating strategies for reducing health disparities?
What is a key purpose of evaluating strategies for reducing health disparities?
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Which theory indicates that socio-economic status can lead to poor health behaviors?
Which theory indicates that socio-economic status can lead to poor health behaviors?
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Which of the following is NOT identified as a key determinant of health by Marmot and Wilkinson?
Which of the following is NOT identified as a key determinant of health by Marmot and Wilkinson?
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What term best describes factors like income, gender, and race that position individuals in social class?
What term best describes factors like income, gender, and race that position individuals in social class?
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What does the 'stream metaphor' primarily represent in relation to health determinants?
What does the 'stream metaphor' primarily represent in relation to health determinants?
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What is a significant criticism of selection and behavioral theories regarding health inequalities?
What is a significant criticism of selection and behavioral theories regarding health inequalities?
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Why is income considered a particularly important determinant of health?
Why is income considered a particularly important determinant of health?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of social exclusion as it relates to health?
Which of the following best describes the concept of social exclusion as it relates to health?
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What societal issue is highlighted as a global concern affecting health inequalities in the content?
What societal issue is highlighted as a global concern affecting health inequalities in the content?
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What best illustrates the concept of 'upstream' determinants in health?
What best illustrates the concept of 'upstream' determinants in health?
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How do structural theories explain health inequalities?
How do structural theories explain health inequalities?
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What is a key component in evaluating change in health interventions?
What is a key component in evaluating change in health interventions?
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Which of the following is essential when summarizing findings from stakeholders?
Which of the following is essential when summarizing findings from stakeholders?
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Which action is recommended for medical practitioners based on the Clear Toolkit?
Which action is recommended for medical practitioners based on the Clear Toolkit?
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What should be prioritized when considering cost-effective solutions in healthcare?
What should be prioritized when considering cost-effective solutions in healthcare?
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What is an important outcome of addressing social determinants of health?
What is an important outcome of addressing social determinants of health?
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What does health inequality refer to?
What does health inequality refer to?
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How do social determinants impact public health?
How do social determinants impact public health?
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Which of the following is true about health inequity?
Which of the following is true about health inequity?
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What crucial role does addressing social determinants of health play?
What crucial role does addressing social determinants of health play?
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What is one of the main burdens that climate change presents to health?
What is one of the main burdens that climate change presents to health?
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What is a potential outcome of improving public health at a population scale?
What is a potential outcome of improving public health at a population scale?
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Which action is important to reduce health inequalities at the policy level?
Which action is important to reduce health inequalities at the policy level?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of addressing health at the population level?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of addressing health at the population level?
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What is the primary factor that the Whitehall studies identified as being associated with mortality rates among British civil servants?
What is the primary factor that the Whitehall studies identified as being associated with mortality rates among British civil servants?
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How do income and income inequality generally impact health problems according to the evidence?
How do income and income inequality generally impact health problems according to the evidence?
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What did the Whitehall 2 study highlight about employment grade and health?
What did the Whitehall 2 study highlight about employment grade and health?
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What does the concept of 'upstream equity in resources' focus on?
What does the concept of 'upstream equity in resources' focus on?
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What type of health differences does the content imply require policy approaches to address?
What type of health differences does the content imply require policy approaches to address?
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Which of the following outcomes is likely influenced by income inequality as highlighted in the content?
Which of the following outcomes is likely influenced by income inequality as highlighted in the content?
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What crucial relationship did early evidence establish regarding health and social class?
What crucial relationship did early evidence establish regarding health and social class?
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Which statement best describes the mechanism by which income inequality might affect health according to the content?
Which statement best describes the mechanism by which income inequality might affect health according to the content?
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What is the primary purpose of Health Needs Assessment (HNA)?
What is the primary purpose of Health Needs Assessment (HNA)?
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Which of the following best describes the 'downstream' level of interventions in health?
Which of the following best describes the 'downstream' level of interventions in health?
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What does Diderichson's Conceptual Model primarily facilitate?
What does Diderichson's Conceptual Model primarily facilitate?
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What is a key step in the process of Health Needs Assessment (HNA)?
What is a key step in the process of Health Needs Assessment (HNA)?
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Which level of intervention in the context of neonatal mortality focuses on reducing risks during pregnancy?
Which level of intervention in the context of neonatal mortality focuses on reducing risks during pregnancy?
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What does the Health Needs Assessment process aim to achieve in public health?
What does the Health Needs Assessment process aim to achieve in public health?
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Which of the following would most likely be considered an upstream intervention?
Which of the following would most likely be considered an upstream intervention?
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What is a critical aspect of the health impact related to social position, as outlined in the conceptual model?
What is a critical aspect of the health impact related to social position, as outlined in the conceptual model?
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What role do structural theories play in understanding health inequalities?
What role do structural theories play in understanding health inequalities?
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Which of the following determinants is considered most critical according to some perspectives on social determinants of health?
Which of the following determinants is considered most critical according to some perspectives on social determinants of health?
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Which of the following explains the concept that health inequalities are not fixed and can change over time?
Which of the following explains the concept that health inequalities are not fixed and can change over time?
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What is a potential issue with selection and behavioral theories concerning health choices?
What is a potential issue with selection and behavioral theories concerning health choices?
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What does the 'upstream' concept in health determinants emphasize?
What does the 'upstream' concept in health determinants emphasize?
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Which statement about social exclusion captures its impact on health outcomes?
Which statement about social exclusion captures its impact on health outcomes?
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What best describes the cyclical nature of health disparities when comparing individuals from different socio-economic backgrounds?
What best describes the cyclical nature of health disparities when comparing individuals from different socio-economic backgrounds?
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Which factor is identified as a 'constitutional factor' influencing individuals' social class?
Which factor is identified as a 'constitutional factor' influencing individuals' social class?
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How is climate change related to health inequalities?
How is climate change related to health inequalities?
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Which of the following is most directly influenced by socio-economic standing?
Which of the following is most directly influenced by socio-economic standing?
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Which of the following is a significant effect of climate change on health in regions like Balochistan, Pakistan?
Which of the following is a significant effect of climate change on health in regions like Balochistan, Pakistan?
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What type of preventative measures are classified as tertiary prevention?
What type of preventative measures are classified as tertiary prevention?
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Which policy intervention strategy is designed to address health inequalities?
Which policy intervention strategy is designed to address health inequalities?
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Which of the following represents a common misconception regarding health services in relation to health equality?
Which of the following represents a common misconception regarding health services in relation to health equality?
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What is a primary function of safety net programs in addressing health inequalities?
What is a primary function of safety net programs in addressing health inequalities?
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Which of the following statements best describes the term 'inequity in health'?
Which of the following statements best describes the term 'inequity in health'?
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What is a significant consequence of addressing inequalities in health?
What is a significant consequence of addressing inequalities in health?
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Which social determinant could potentially exacerbate health disparities during climatic changes?
Which social determinant could potentially exacerbate health disparities during climatic changes?
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In the context of public health, what is a core benefit of addressing health at a population scale?
In the context of public health, what is a core benefit of addressing health at a population scale?
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What role do social determinants of health primarily play in individual health experiences?
What role do social determinants of health primarily play in individual health experiences?
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Which of the following actions can be taken at a policy level to reduce health inequalities?
Which of the following actions can be taken at a policy level to reduce health inequalities?
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Which characteristic of health inequalities is emphasized when discussing population health?
Which characteristic of health inequalities is emphasized when discussing population health?
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What is primarily highlighted by the concept of public health in relation to healthcare delivery?
What is primarily highlighted by the concept of public health in relation to healthcare delivery?
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What did the Whitehall studies primarily demonstrate about social class and health outcomes?
What did the Whitehall studies primarily demonstrate about social class and health outcomes?
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Which of the following statements best describes how income inequality impacts health?
Which of the following statements best describes how income inequality impacts health?
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What was a significant finding from the Whitehall studies related to risk behaviors?
What was a significant finding from the Whitehall studies related to risk behaviors?
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According to the discussions, which factor is NOT associated with inequities in health outcomes?
According to the discussions, which factor is NOT associated with inequities in health outcomes?
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Which of the following best captures the significance of Marmot's studies on global health inequalities?
Which of the following best captures the significance of Marmot's studies on global health inequalities?
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What is the main consequence of addressing inequalities in health according to the provided content?
What is the main consequence of addressing inequalities in health according to the provided content?
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Which theory suggests no inequalities exist in health outcomes?
Which theory suggests no inequalities exist in health outcomes?
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Which of the following statements is a common misconception regarding income inequality and health?
Which of the following statements is a common misconception regarding income inequality and health?
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Which theory suggests that political decisions significantly impact health behaviors among underprivileged populations?
Which theory suggests that political decisions significantly impact health behaviors among underprivileged populations?
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What is considered a key determinant that can influence various aspects of health according to Marmot and Wilkinson?
What is considered a key determinant that can influence various aspects of health according to Marmot and Wilkinson?
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In the context of health inequalities, which concept refers to the cycle whereby individuals are born into lower socio-economic strata and perpetuate this status?
In the context of health inequalities, which concept refers to the cycle whereby individuals are born into lower socio-economic strata and perpetuate this status?
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Which of the following factors is considered an 'upstream' determinant of health according to the stream metaphor?
Which of the following factors is considered an 'upstream' determinant of health according to the stream metaphor?
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Which term describes the theory that attributes poor health behaviors solely to the individual, often leading to victim blame?
Which term describes the theory that attributes poor health behaviors solely to the individual, often leading to victim blame?
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What overarching theme is identified concerning climate change and health inequalities?
What overarching theme is identified concerning climate change and health inequalities?
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Which of the following is an example of a 'constitutional factor' in social determinants of health?
Which of the following is an example of a 'constitutional factor' in social determinants of health?
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Which of the following elements is integral in understanding the social gradient of health?
Which of the following elements is integral in understanding the social gradient of health?
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Which alternative model emphasizes that income is the most crucial determinant of health as it impacts other determinants?
Which alternative model emphasizes that income is the most crucial determinant of health as it impacts other determinants?
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What is a common misconception regarding selection and behavioral theories in explaining health inequalities?
What is a common misconception regarding selection and behavioral theories in explaining health inequalities?
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What is a primary function of Health Needs Assessment (HNA) in public health?
What is a primary function of Health Needs Assessment (HNA) in public health?
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Which aspect of Diderichson’s Conceptual Model most directly addresses the societal factors that impact health?
Which aspect of Diderichson’s Conceptual Model most directly addresses the societal factors that impact health?
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In the context of neonatal mortality, what does 'mid-stream' refer to?
In the context of neonatal mortality, what does 'mid-stream' refer to?
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Which step is critical in the Health Needs Assessment (HNA) process?
Which step is critical in the Health Needs Assessment (HNA) process?
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What is indicated by the term 'upstream' in health interventions?
What is indicated by the term 'upstream' in health interventions?
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How does Diderichson’s Conceptual Model aid in public health initiatives?
How does Diderichson’s Conceptual Model aid in public health initiatives?
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What role does the concept of 'differential consequences' play in understanding health inequities?
What role does the concept of 'differential consequences' play in understanding health inequities?
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What outcome is expected from applying Health Needs Assessment principles?
What outcome is expected from applying Health Needs Assessment principles?
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Study Notes
Public Health and Medicine
- Public health focuses on population-level health outcomes
- Medicine focuses on the individual patient
- Studying Population Health maximizes health benefits for individuals and reduces healthcare burdens
- Public health interventions can reduce inequalities in health outcomes
Inequality vs. Inequity
- Inequality in health refers to measurable health differences between individuals or groups
- Inequity in health is about differences in health between groups that are unjust and avoidable
- "Upstream" is about equality in resources
- "Downstream" is about equality in outcomes.
Income Inequality and Health
- Income and health outcomes are associated but the relationship is complex because of other variables
- There is general acceptance that income inequality negatively impacts health
Determinants of Health
- Early life experiences shape health throughout life
- Stress, social exclusion, working conditions, unemployment, social support, addiction, healthy food options, and transportation all impact health
- Income is often seen as a key determinant of health as other determinants are often a product of income or status
- There is a social gradient across determinants that contributes to health outcomes
- "Constitutional Factors" (Income, Gender, Race, Disability) are recognized as factors that influence one's position in a social class
Impact of Social Determinants on Individuals
- A person born into a low socioeconomic stratum compared to someone from a higher socioeconomic stratum is likely to experience poorer health
- The cycle of social determinants and health can repeat across subsequent generations
- Social gradients across these determinants contribute to health disparities
Stream Metaphor
- The "Stream" metaphor helps visualize the impact of social determinants
- As one moves upstream, you get closer to the source of the problem
- Interventions at upstream points (e.g., policy changes) are more likely to have a larger impact than interventions at downstream points (e.g., treatment)
Climate Change and Inequalities
- Climate change is a threat multiplier that can exacerbate existing health inequalities
- Drought, heat, floods, and changes in disease vectors can negatively impact health and disease
- Climate change disproportionately impacts vulnerable populations
Actions to Reduce Health Inequalities
- Health Services: primary prevention, safety net programs, secondary prevention, medical care and tertiary prevention
-
Policy Interventions: identifying policy entry points to address health inequalities
- Using Diderichson's Conceptual Model to synthesize evidence on interventions and prioritize cost-effective solutions
- Practitioner Actions: Utilizing The Clear Toolkit for evidence-based decision-making
Additional Resources
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Social Determinants of Health
- World Health Organization: Resource allocation for health equity; issues and methods.
Public Health and Medicine
- Public health and medicine are intertwined and aim to improve population health.
- Public health impacts medicine by improving population-wide health outcomes.
- Medicine influences public health by identifying health needs and creating new interventions.
Social Determinants of Health
- Factors that influence individual and population health outcomes.
- Social determinants influence the environment and vice versa.
- Key social determinants include: early life, stress, social exclusion, working conditions, unemployment, social support, addiction, healthy food, and transport.
- Income is a major player in social determinants as it often dictates access to other factors.
Inequality Vs Inequity
- Inequality in health refers to measurable differences in health across individuals or socially relevant groups.
- Inequity in health refers to differences in health between groups that are unjust and avoidable.
Understanding Inequalities
- Theories about the mechanism for health inequalities include:
- Artifact theory
- Selection Theory
- Behavioral Theory
- Structural Theory
- Structural theory fits best with the evidence.
Climate Change and Health Inequalities
- Climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable communities and exacerbates existing health inequalities.
Health Needs Assessment
- Used to identify unmet health needs in a population.
- Guides decision-making for improving health and healthcare services.
- Includes a series of steps, including data collection, analysis, and recommendations.
Medical Professionals' Role
- Medical professionals play a vital role in identifying and addressing health inequalities.
- They can collaborate with public health professionals to advocate for policies and programs that address societal issues that contribute to health inequalities.
Learning Outcomes
- Understand the relationship between medicine, epidemiology, and population health.
- Describe the main social determinants of health and how they interact with the environment.
- Explain the pathways through which social determinants impact health.
- Identify how social determinants impact individual health experiences.
- Discuss how climate change can exacerbate existing health inequalities.
- Describe policy actions to reduce health inequalities.
Population Health
- Focuses on health outcomes of a population as a whole.
- Aims to improve population health by addressing inequities and maximizing health outcomes.
- Emphasizes public health initiatives while working in conjunction with healthcare systems.
Inequality vs Inequity
- Inequality refers to differences in health outcomes between individuals or groups, without assigning blame.
- Inequity refers to differences that are unjust and preventable through reasonable means.
Social Determinants of Health
- Factors that influence an individual’s health, including income, gender, race, disability, and socioeconomic status.
- Social gradient across these determinants contributes to health inequalities.
Income Inequality & Health
- Income and health outcomes are associated, but the complexity arises due to other variables.
- Lower income and greater income inequality result in poorer health outcomes.
Theories on Inequalities and Health
- Selection theory proposes that poor health leads to a downward social slide.
- Behavioral theory suggests that underprivileged individuals tend to have poor health behaviors.
- Structural theories emphasize that politics and policies create barriers for underprivileged individuals to adopt healthy behaviors.
Earliest Evidence of Inequality in Health
- Whitehall Study (1967): Revealed a strong inverse relationship between social class and mortality from various diseases.
- Whitehall II (1985-1988): Confirmed the inverse association between employment grade and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and chronic bronchitis.
How Inequalities Lead to Poor Health
- Structural explanations are most relevant.
- Behavioral factors play a role, but they are insufficient alone.
- Selection theory and behavioral theory can be interpreted as victim-blaming.
- Health inequalities are influenced by political decisions and priorities and are not inevitable.
Climate Change and Inequalities
- Climate change is a threat multiplier, exacerbating existing health inequalities.
- Impacts like drought, heat, floods, and changes in disease vectors affect health and disease patterns.
Reducing Health Inequalities
- Health services: Implement primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies.
- Policy interventions: Address social determinants of health through targeted policies.
-
Diderichson’s Conceptual Model: Offers a framework to identify policy entry points by understanding the pathways between social position and health:
- I: Differential social positions.
- II: Differential exposures.
- III: Differential vulnerability to disease.
- IV: Differential consequences of disease.
- Health Needs Assessment (HNA): A systematic method to identify unmet health needs of a population and plan interventions to address them.
Example: Neonatal Mortality
- Emphasizes a multi-level approach:
- Upstream: Policies focused on reducing women's risk of adverse birth outcomes before conception.
- Mid-stream: Actions to minimize risks during pregnancy.
- Downstream: Intensive care for high-risk neonates.
Health Needs Assessment (HNA)
- A central tool in population health.
- Aims to identify unmet health needs and recommend actions for improvement.
- Involves:
- Stating the aim.
- Defining the problem.
- Describing the size and nature of the problem.
- Describing current services.
- Identifying priorities.
- Developing action plans.
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Description
This quiz explores the key concepts of public health and its focus on population health outcomes compared to individual patient care in medicine. It also delves into topics such as health inequality, inequity, and how income influences health outcomes. Understanding these factors is essential for addressing healthcare disparities.