PTSD Biological Factors

Questions and Answers

What characteristic is NOT associated with an individual's temperament?

Activity level

Emotional reactivity

Mood

Cognitive development (correct)

Which of the following best describes the concept of separation anxiety?

An emotional distress when separated from caregivers (correct)

A reluctance to interact with unfamiliar faces

A sign of developing independence from caregivers

A fear of the dark that begins at 6 months

What triggers a protective response from adults in Bowlby's theory of attachment?

Physical actions like running towards the caregiver

Endearing behaviors such as smiling and clinging (correct)

Vocal expressions like crying and shouting

Endearing behaviors such as laughing

At what age does separation anxiety typically peak?

14-18 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of attachment according to the provided content?

Intellectual compatibility Signup and view all the answers

What do cultural differences in temperament suggest?

Temperament may be influenced by environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is associated with challenging the caregiver's proximity during the 'strange situation' procedure?

Avoiding the parent upon reunion Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby, what purpose do behaviors like clinging serve?

They keep the caregiver nearby Signup and view all the answers

During which age range do infants typically first display stranger danger behavior?

8-10 months Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'telegraphic speech' refer to in child language development?

A style of communication using only essential words Signup and view all the answers

Which psychosocial challenge is associated with infants in their first year of life according to Erikson?

Trust versus mistrust Signup and view all the answers

What is 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD) according to Vygotsky?

The difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'generativity' signify in Erikson's theory?

The commitment to nurturing the next generation Signup and view all the answers

What is 'identity moratorium' as described by Marcia?

A period where individuals are undecided about future choices Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes 'bulimia nervosa'?

Binge eating followed by purging behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'crystallized intelligence' refer to?

The accumulated knowledge and skills derived from experience Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'egocentrism' in child development?

A focus on self and lack of perspective-taking Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does 'integrity versus despair' represent in Erikson's theory?

The feelings about one's life and satisfaction with achievements Signup and view all the answers

What term best describes the process of decision-making and re-evaluating options during adolescent exploration?

Exploration Signup and view all the answers

Which brain regions show differences in activity between individuals with PTSD and those without?

Amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to an individual’s vulnerability to PTSD according to biological factors?

Inherited genetic traits Signup and view all the answers

What psychological factors may influence coping styles following trauma?

Personality traits and family mental health history Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon described in psychoanalytic explanations might occur after a traumatic experience?

Repetition compulsion, involving re-experiencing symptoms Signup and view all the answers

In regards to social factors, which aspect may lead to an increased risk of PTSD in communities?

Widespread occurrences of violence and crime Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of Complex PTSD compared to typical PTSD?

It is often associated with prolonged abuse or repeated exposure to violence. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is often debated in relation to infant and child development rates?

Infantile sexuality Signup and view all the answers

A baby born with certain physical and cognitive impairments is likely the result of which maternal behavior?

Frequent alcohol consumption Signup and view all the answers

By age six, the typical vocabulary of a child reaches approximately how many words?

20,000 words Signup and view all the answers

Erik Erikson identified which of the following as necessary for developmental progress?

Psychosocial crises Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does a fetus reach viability, allowing for potential survival if born prematurely?

23 to 26 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What type of temperament is Slindile exhibiting if she shows sensitivity to environmental changes and difficulty in self-soothing?

Difficult temperament Signup and view all the answers

The term for the emotional bond formed between an infant and their caregiver is called what?

Attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is last to mature, potentially influencing behaviors seen in adolescents?

Frontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Infantile sexuality often relates to an understanding of which developmental concept?

Erogenous zones Signup and view all the answers

What is a plausible age range in weeks when a fetus begins to show responses to stimulation?

8 to 10 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the disorganized attachment style in infants?

Infants display marked and pervasive fear in the presence of the primary caregiver. Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget’s cognitive development theory, which stage follows the preoperational stage?

Concrete operational stage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'schema' in cognitive development?

A mental representation for organizing categories of information. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of conservation in cognitive development refer to?

Understanding quantities remain the same despite changes in appearance. Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the key challenge during the stage of 'industry versus inferiority'?

Developing a sense of competence through school challenges. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the egocentric stage in Vygotsky's theory?

Children use external speech to guide their actions. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the concept of 'higher mental functions' in cognitive development?

Sophisticated cognitive abilities that involve internal, language-based tools. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of the prenatal stage referred to as the 'embryonic stage'?

It consists of the six weeks following the germinal stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'scaffolding' in child development?

The support given temporarily to help a child complete a task. Signup and view all the answers

In attachment theory, what does the 'secure attachment' style indicate?

Children are soothed quickly upon reunification with caregivers. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Infants and Temperament

Infants demonstrate early differences in emotional tone, activity level, and environmental sensitivity.
Temperament reflects individual emotional responses, including mood, activity level, and reactivity.
Influences on temperament are significant from heredity; while relatively stable, it's susceptible to change.
Cultural variations exist regarding specific temperamental styles.

Preschool Period and Attachment

Attachment refers to emotional bonds between infants and caregivers, essential for all relationships.
This bond combines emotional, social, cognitive, and physical connections, emphasizing safety and comfort.

Attachment and Separation Anxiety

Separation anxiety emerges around 7-9 months and peaks at 14-18 months, being widely observed across cultures.
Stranger anxiety peaks at 8-10 months, waning in intensity over time.

Theories of Attachment

John Bowlby's ethological theory posits that attachment has a biological, evolutionary basis.
Bowlby noted infants display endearing behaviors (smiling, clinging) to elicit protective responses from adults.
Mary Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation' method assesses attachment quality through separations and reunions, revealing varying attachment styles.

Key Terminology

Accommodation: Cognitive adaptation to new experiences by modifying schemas.
Attachment System: Innate propensity for infants to form bonds with caregivers.
Authoritarian Parenting: Rigid standards with minimal warmth.
Authoritative Parenting: Balanced approach of firmness and warmth.
Cognitive Development: Age-related mental activity changes, including learning and memory.
Object Permanence: Understanding that objects exist even when not visible.
Secure Attachment: Infants show distress upon separation but quickly regain composure and explore upon reunion.
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment: Infants seem indifferent to caregiver departure, appearing self-sufficient.
Insecure-Resistant Attachment: Infants display confusion and ambivalence on caregiver's return.
Disorganized Attachment: Infants show fear in the presence of caregivers, indicating possible insecurity.

Stages of Development

Sensorimotor Stage: Birth to 2 years; infants learn by coordinating sensory input with motor actions.
Preoperational Stage: Ages 2 to 7; characterized by symbolic thought but lacking logical operations.
Concrete Operational Stage: Logical thinking develops regarding concrete events; occurs around 7-11 years.

Notable Concepts in Child Development

Resilience: Adaptability in adverse situations.
Seriation: Ability to order objects based on characteristics like size or length.
Scaffolding: Temporary support to aid task completion.
Self-Esteem: Personal worth evaluation based on self-concept assessments.
Psychosocial Development: Erikson's theory suggesting crises must be resolved at various life stages.### Developmental Stages and Concepts
Social stage (birth to 3 years): Vygotsky's phase where children express thoughts and feelings through language.
Solitary play: Distinct type of play where children engage alone.
Stranger anxiety: Typical fear experienced by infants around unfamiliar individuals.
Strange Situation: Ainsworth's experimental framework assessing attachment styles based on Bowlby’s theories.
Symbolic play: Peak pretend play activity prevalent during preschool years.
Symbolic representation: Sensorimotor development stage (1.5 to 2 years), where infants act based on imagined scenarios.
Telegraphic speech: Simplified speech that includes only essential words for meaning.
Temperament: Individual characteristics influencing responses to environmental stimuli.
Teratogens: Environmental factors harmful during prenatal development.
Transitivity: Cognitive ability of children to identify relationships among objects in a sequence.
Trust versus mistrust: Erikson's first psychosocial challenge for infants within their first year.
Umbilical cord: Connective tube from embryo to placenta, crucial for development.
Zone of proximal development (ZPD): Vygotsky's concept describing the gap between independent problem-solving and aided problem-solving.
Zone of viability: Critical stage when a premature fetus can potentially survive outside the womb.
Zygote: Initial cell formed when sperm and egg unite.

Psychological Development in Adolescence and Adulthood

Activity theory: Suggests that older adults remain active by replacing lost roles and functions after retirement.
Adolescence: Transitional phase from childhood to adulthood, typically beginning after middle childhood.
Adult Attachment Interview (AAI): Tool for understanding adult attachment representations from their early relationships.
Alzheimer’s disease: Degenerative condition leading to cognitive decline and loss of bodily control.
Androgynous: Social orientation blending traits typically regarded as masculine and feminine.
Anorexia nervosa: Eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat due to a distorted perception of body weight.
Autonomous attachment: Secure attachment state assessed by AAI with acknowledgment of varied early experiences.
Bulimia nervosa: Eating disorder marked by binge-eating followed by purging due to concerns about body image.
Cohabitation: Living arrangement of unmarried couples in an intimate partnership.
Continuity theory: Suggests elderly individuals maintain similar behaviors and lifestyles as they age.
Commitment in adolescents: Erikson's concept describing involvement and allegiance to personal choices.
Crystallised intelligence: Accumulated knowledge and skills that typically increases with age.
Dementia: Cognitive decline often linked to aging, affecting personality and intellect.
Disengagement theory: Proposes gradual withdrawal of older adults from society.
Dismissing attachment: Insecure attachment style characterized by minimized emotional responses.
Early adulthood: Stage from roughly 20 to 39 years encompassing the start of adult life and relationships.

Identity and Developmental Challenges

Egocentrism: Focusing inward, resulting in heightened self-awareness among individuals.
Exploration: Erikson’s process where adolescents reconsider parental choices and explore personal identity.
Fluid intelligence: Brain’s ability to adapt and solve problems, improving until late adolescence then declining.
Formal operational thinking: Cognitive development stage marked by advanced reasoning in adolescence.
Generativity: Concept of contributing to the well-being of future generations, according to Erikson.
Generativity versus stagnation: Mid-adulthood challenge of deciding to invest in others versus self-indulgence.
Hypothetico-deductive thinking: Problem-solving ability typical of formal operational thinkers.
Identity: Achievement of a clear, autonomous self-concept during adolescence.
Identity achievement: Marcia’s stage where adolescents decide on goals actively.
Identity confusion: Struggle in resolving self-concept delays in adolescence.
Identity diffusion: Lack of commitment while exploring different identity options.
Identity foreclosure: Following paths dictated by others without own exploration of choices.
Identity moratorium: Period of uncertainty about future direction manifesting as an identity crisis.
Imaginary audience: Adolescents' belief that they are constantly being observed and judged.
Integrity versus despair: Late adulthood challenge of evaluating life achievements versus regrets.
Intimacy versus isolation: Early adulthood challenge of forming meaningful relationships or experiencing loneliness.
Invincibility fable: Adolescents' unrealistic belief in their own safety and immunity.
Late adulthood: Final stage of adulthood beginning at around age 60.
Menarche: Initial menstruation indicating the start of the female reproductive cycle.
Menopause: Cessation of menstruation in middle adulthood, marking the end of reproductive capabilities.
Middle adulthood: Stage ranging approximately from ages 40 to 59.
Personal myths: Adolescents’ self-perceptions of being exceptional and unique.
Preoccupied attachment: Insecure attachment state with heightened emotional volatility.
Primary sexual characteristics: Bodily changes directly linked to reproduction post-puberty.
Puberty: Rapid physical changes leading to sexual maturity in early adolescence.
Secondary sexual characteristics: Distinct physical traits after puberty that are not directly reproductive.
Senescence: Decline in bodily systems associated with aging during late adulthood.
Spermarche: Onset of sperm production in young males.
Storm and stress: G.Stanley Hall's characterization of the tumultuous adolescent phase.
Unresolved/disorganized attachment: Attachment state reflecting unresolved past traumas.

Quiz Insights

Understanding controversies in developmental norms, particularly in concepts like infantile sexuality.
Awareness of prenatal risks associated with maternal behaviors, such as alcohol consumption with specific birth defects.
Familiarity with vocabulary development milestones from toddlerhood through early childhood.
Recognition of Erikson's psychosocial crises as significant challenges throughout life stages.
Knowledge of viability stages for fetuses and associated survival rates.
Ability to identify various temperament types in infants based on observable behaviors.
Familiarity with the concept of attachment and its significance in emotional development.
Recognition of developmental explanations for risky adolescent behaviors based on neurological maturity.

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Description

This quiz covers the biological factors influencing PTSD, including genetics and neuroimaging findings. Explore how inherited vulnerabilities and brain activity differences can shape the experience of trauma responses. Test your understanding of these complex interactions.