PTSD and Temperament
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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between briskness and PTSD symptoms?

  • There is no correlation between briskness and PTSD symptoms
  • Briskness is a type of PTSD symptom
  • Individuals with higher briskness tend to have higher PTSD symptoms
  • Individuals with higher briskness tend to have lower PTSD symptoms (correct)

    • What is the name of the approach that emphasizes the importance of individual differences and the role of interaction between the individual and the environment?

  • Escalona approach
  • Thomas & Chess approach (correct)
  • Richmond and Lustman approach
  • Gesell and Ames approach

    • What is the term used to describe the correspondence between capacities, temperament, and other individual characteristics and opportunities, demands, and expectations of the environment?

  • Interactionist approach
  • NYLS approach
  • Temperament-based interventions
  • Goodness of fit (correct)

    • What percentage of children are categorized as 'easy' according to Thomas and Chess?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe children who adapt slowly and can react negatively, but also show a low intensity in their emotional reactions?

    <p>Slow to warm up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the criticism of the Thomas and Chess approach related to the use of adjectives such as 'easy' and 'difficult'?

    <p>They are misleading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current approach to dealing with temperament and behavioral disorders?

    <p>Temperament-based interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the study that observed the behavior of 85 families from 1956 to 1980?

    <p>NYLS study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Plato, what is the process of gaining knowledge?

    <p>Recollection and remembering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who coined the term 'intelligence'?

    <p>Cicero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of operators with strong nervous systems in an emergency situation?

    <p>They perform effectively and efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Klimov's study, what is a difference between 'mobile' and 'immobile' weavers?

    <p>Their style of action differs, with 'mobile' weavers being agile and 'immobile' weavers being slow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of Binet's intelligence test?

    <p>Need for special assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do operators with weak nervous systems perform more of, according to Kopytkova's study?

    <p>Control and preventive activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of IQ scores considered 'Low average intelligence'?

    <p>80 - 89</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concept that intelligence is a biologically inherited property varied according to skin color?

    <p>Jenseism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nervous centers located mainly in the reticular formation, according to empirical data?

    <p>Maintenance of the energetic level of functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law related to?

    <p>The relationship between the level of arousal and the level of performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mental capacity to learn from experiences, adapt to new situations, and understand and handle abstract concepts?

    <p>Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals with low need for stimulation, according to Strelau?

    <p>They choose an auxiliary style of action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test developed by Yerkes to determine the role in the army?

    <p>Army Alpha Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of temperament related to, according to activation theory?

    <p>The various structures and functions of the nervous system responsible for the level of activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the standardized version of Binet-Simon scale?

    <p>Therman's Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a difference between 'point activity style' and 'interval activity style', according to Wieczorkowska?

    <p>They correspond to the individual need of stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of individuals in Cluster 2?

    <p>A dislike for staying at home and an enjoyment of social activities and parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about an individual with a high score in W1 Sensation Seeking?

    <p>They are likely to engage in high-risk behaviors, especially with an improving parent-child relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors is most characteristic of Cluster 1?

    <p>A lack of engagement in sensation-seeking activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trait among individuals in Cluster 2 and Cluster 3?

    <p>A tendency to engage in social activities and parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Cluster 3 and Cluster 4?

    <p>Cluster 3 individuals engage in high-risk activities, while Cluster 4 individuals do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the relationship between W1 Sensation Seeking and W2 Risk Taking?

    <p>An improving parent-child relationship strengthens the association between W1 Sensation Seeking and W2 Risk Taking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clusters is characterized by a high score in traveling without plans?

    <p>Cluster 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trait among individuals in Cluster 1 and Cluster 4?

    <p>A tendency to engage in low-risk behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a high-sensation seeker?

    <p>They are sensitive to internal sensations and choose external stimuli that maximize them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of sensory deprivation according to Hebb's research?

    <p>Thinking and concentration difficulties, and both auditory and visual hallucinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal level of arousal characterized by?

    <p>A combination of physiological and psychological activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensation seeking does Isabel exhibit in the example provided?

    <p>Experience seeking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between sensory deprivation and sensation seeking?

    <p>Sensory deprivation is a state, while sensation seeking is a trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the biological theory of sensation seeking?

    <p>Marvin Zuckerman.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the high-sensation seeker?

    <p>To seek external stimuli that maximize internal sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between sensory deprivation and personality variables?

    <p>Sensory deprivation is not correlated with personality variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Temperament and PTSD

    • Individuals with higher briskness and endurance tend to have lower PTSD symptoms, suggesting these traits may provide some resilience against PTSD.
    • Higher emotional reactivity and perseverance are associated with higher PTSD symptoms, indicating these traits may exacerbate PTSD symptoms.

    Temperament Changes and PTSD

    • Individuals who show improvement in PTSD symptoms exhibit significant changes in Briskness, Emotional Reactivity, Endurance, and Activity.
    • These changes suggest that effective PTSD treatment can enhance quick reactions, emotional stability, endurance, and overall activity levels.

    Thomas & Chess Approach

    • Importance of individual differences
    • Role of interaction between the individual and the environment
    • Importance of social demands and expectations

    Roots of the Theory

    • Clinical observations (individual differences between children in their first weeks of life)
    • Results of previous studies (individual patterns of behavior in infancy, individual differences in newborns)

    NYLS

    • 85 families, middle and upper-middle class, with one or two children between 2 and 3 months
    • 133 subjects observed from 1956 to 1980
    • Individual reaction patterns

    Categories of Temperament

    • Activity: level of motor activity and amount of time baby spends being active
    • Rhythmicity/regularity: how regular the patterns of eating, sleeping, and other bodily functions are
    • Response to new things: how baby will probably respond to new experiences
    • Adaptability: how baby responds to changes in their environment
    • Sensitivity: baby's threshold for stimuli
    • Response: energy levels and intensity of baby's responses
    • Disposition: whether baby generally seems happy or unhappy, friendly or unfriendly
    • Distractability: how easily baby can be distracted from what they are doing
    • Attention span: span of time that baby will pay attention to one thing when left to their own devices

    Types of Temperament

    • Easy: children categorized as 'easy' generally have a positive attitude, are quick to fall into routines, and quick to adapt to new situations
    • Difficult: children in the 'difficult' category cry more often, have a harder time adapting to new situations, and don't regularly follow routines
    • Slow to warm up: children who are 'slow to warm up' adapt slowly and can react negatively, but also show a low intensity in their emotional reactions

    The Goodness of Fit

    • Correspondence between capacities, temperament, and other individual characteristics and opportunities, demands, and expectations of the environment
    • Optimal development
    • Poorness of fit – maladaptive functioning and distorted development

    Critical Remarks

    • Misleading adjectives (easy/difficult)
    • Lack of correspondence between difficult temperament and interactionist approach
    • Poor psychometric properties of the tools used in the study
    • Lack of operationalization of the term behavior disorder

    Current Approach

    • Temperament-based interventions
    • Training workshop for preschool day care providers
    • Parent education program for highly withdrawn children
    • Comprehensive intervention that teaches parents and teachers how to use temperament-based strategies to reduce behavior problems

    Gurievich, Matvieyev (1970)

    • In an emergency situation, operators with strong nervous systems function effectively, while operators with weak nervous systems suffer from disorders.

    Strong Nervous Systems

    • Better at studying, sport competitions, and operating in emergency situations
    • Styles of action: mobility of nervous processes does not affect work efficiency, but affects the style of action

    Weak Nervous Systems

    • Discouragement from learning, behaviors indicating protective inhibition, and suffering from disorders in emergency situations
    • Styles of action: relationship between operators' efficiency and strength of their nervous system

    Yerkes-Dodson Law

    • Relationship between the level of arousal (motivation) and the level of performance (response effectiveness)

    Intelligence

    • The mental capacity to learn from experiences, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one's environment
    • Intelligence quotient (IQ): a standard measure of an individual's intelligence level based on psychological tests
    • IQ scoring: ranges from 40 to 160, with different levels of intelligence

    Debates on IQ Testing

    • Validity, accuracy of measurement, reliability, and Jensenism (biologically inherited property varied according to skin color)

    Sensation Seeking

    • A trait defined by the need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences and the willingness to take physical and social risks for the sake of such experience
    • Types of sensation seeking: thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility

    Biological Theory of Sensation Seeking

    • Experimental research, sensory deprivation studies, and sensation seeking studies
    • Scientific relationship with Eysenck
    • Sensory deprivation: increased anxiety, somatic discomfort, thinking and concentration difficulties, and both auditory and visual hallucinations
    • Optimal level of arousal: a combination of physiological and psychological activation, influenced by factors such as stress, cognitive load, and emotional states

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    Related Documents

    Individual Differences Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the relationship between temperament traits and PTSD symptoms, including how certain traits may provide resilience or exacerbate symptoms. It also touches on how changes in temperament affect PTSD.

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