PTSD and Temperament

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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between briskness and PTSD symptoms?

There is no correlation between briskness and PTSD symptoms

Briskness is a type of PTSD symptom

Individuals with higher briskness tend to have higher PTSD symptoms

Individuals with higher briskness tend to have lower PTSD symptoms (correct)

What is the name of the approach that emphasizes the importance of individual differences and the role of interaction between the individual and the environment?

Escalona approach

Thomas & Chess approach (correct)

Richmond and Lustman approach

Gesell and Ames approach

What is the term used to describe the correspondence between capacities, temperament, and other individual characteristics and opportunities, demands, and expectations of the environment?

Interactionist approach

NYLS approach

Temperament-based interventions

Goodness of fit (correct)

What percentage of children are categorized as 'easy' according to Thomas and Chess?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe children who adapt slowly and can react negatively, but also show a low intensity in their emotional reactions?

Slow to warm up Signup and view all the answers

What is the criticism of the Thomas and Chess approach related to the use of adjectives such as 'easy' and 'difficult'?

They are misleading Signup and view all the answers

What is the current approach to dealing with temperament and behavioral disorders?

Temperament-based interventions Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the study that observed the behavior of 85 families from 1956 to 1980?

NYLS study Signup and view all the answers

According to Plato, what is the process of gaining knowledge?

Recollection and remembering Signup and view all the answers

Who coined the term 'intelligence'?

Cicero Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of operators with strong nervous systems in an emergency situation?

They perform effectively and efficiently. Signup and view all the answers

According to Klimov's study, what is a difference between 'mobile' and 'immobile' weavers?

Their style of action differs, with 'mobile' weavers being agile and 'immobile' weavers being slow. Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of Binet's intelligence test?

Need for special assistance Signup and view all the answers

What do operators with weak nervous systems perform more of, according to Kopytkova's study?

Control and preventive activities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of IQ scores considered 'Low average intelligence'?

80 - 89 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the concept that intelligence is a biologically inherited property varied according to skin color?

Jenseism Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nervous centers located mainly in the reticular formation, according to empirical data?

Maintenance of the energetic level of functioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law related to?

The relationship between the level of arousal and the level of performance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the mental capacity to learn from experiences, adapt to new situations, and understand and handle abstract concepts?

Intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of individuals with low need for stimulation, according to Strelau?

They choose an auxiliary style of action. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the test developed by Yerkes to determine the role in the army?

Army Alpha Test Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of temperament related to, according to activation theory?

The various structures and functions of the nervous system responsible for the level of activation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the standardized version of Binet-Simon scale?

Therman's Scale Signup and view all the answers

What is a difference between 'point activity style' and 'interval activity style', according to Wieczorkowska?

They correspond to the individual need of stimulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of individuals in Cluster 2?

A dislike for staying at home and an enjoyment of social activities and parties Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about an individual with a high score in W1 Sensation Seeking?

They are likely to engage in high-risk behaviors, especially with an improving parent-child relationship Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is most characteristic of Cluster 1?

A lack of engagement in sensation-seeking activities Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trait among individuals in Cluster 2 and Cluster 3?

A tendency to engage in social activities and parties Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Cluster 3 and Cluster 4?

Cluster 3 individuals engage in high-risk activities, while Cluster 4 individuals do not Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the relationship between W1 Sensation Seeking and W2 Risk Taking?

An improving parent-child relationship strengthens the association between W1 Sensation Seeking and W2 Risk Taking Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following clusters is characterized by a high score in traveling without plans?

Cluster 3 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trait among individuals in Cluster 1 and Cluster 4?

A tendency to engage in low-risk behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a high-sensation seeker?

They are sensitive to internal sensations and choose external stimuli that maximize them. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of sensory deprivation according to Hebb's research?

Thinking and concentration difficulties, and both auditory and visual hallucinations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal level of arousal characterized by?

A combination of physiological and psychological activation. Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensation seeking does Isabel exhibit in the example provided?

Experience seeking. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between sensory deprivation and sensation seeking?

Sensory deprivation is a state, while sensation seeking is a trait. Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the biological theory of sensation seeking?

Marvin Zuckerman. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the high-sensation seeker?

To seek external stimuli that maximize internal sensations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sensory deprivation and personality variables?

Sensory deprivation is not correlated with personality variables. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Temperament and PTSD

Individuals with higher briskness and endurance tend to have lower PTSD symptoms, suggesting these traits may provide some resilience against PTSD.
Higher emotional reactivity and perseverance are associated with higher PTSD symptoms, indicating these traits may exacerbate PTSD symptoms.

Temperament Changes and PTSD

Individuals who show improvement in PTSD symptoms exhibit significant changes in Briskness, Emotional Reactivity, Endurance, and Activity.
These changes suggest that effective PTSD treatment can enhance quick reactions, emotional stability, endurance, and overall activity levels.

Thomas & Chess Approach

Importance of individual differences
Role of interaction between the individual and the environment
Importance of social demands and expectations

Roots of the Theory

Clinical observations (individual differences between children in their first weeks of life)
Results of previous studies (individual patterns of behavior in infancy, individual differences in newborns)

NYLS

85 families, middle and upper-middle class, with one or two children between 2 and 3 months
133 subjects observed from 1956 to 1980
Individual reaction patterns

Categories of Temperament

Activity: level of motor activity and amount of time baby spends being active
Rhythmicity/regularity: how regular the patterns of eating, sleeping, and other bodily functions are
Response to new things: how baby will probably respond to new experiences
Adaptability: how baby responds to changes in their environment
Sensitivity: baby's threshold for stimuli
Response: energy levels and intensity of baby's responses
Disposition: whether baby generally seems happy or unhappy, friendly or unfriendly
Distractability: how easily baby can be distracted from what they are doing
Attention span: span of time that baby will pay attention to one thing when left to their own devices

Types of Temperament

Easy: children categorized as 'easy' generally have a positive attitude, are quick to fall into routines, and quick to adapt to new situations
Difficult: children in the 'difficult' category cry more often, have a harder time adapting to new situations, and don't regularly follow routines
Slow to warm up: children who are 'slow to warm up' adapt slowly and can react negatively, but also show a low intensity in their emotional reactions

The Goodness of Fit

Correspondence between capacities, temperament, and other individual characteristics and opportunities, demands, and expectations of the environment
Optimal development
Poorness of fit – maladaptive functioning and distorted development

Critical Remarks

Misleading adjectives (easy/difficult)
Lack of correspondence between difficult temperament and interactionist approach
Poor psychometric properties of the tools used in the study
Lack of operationalization of the term behavior disorder

Current Approach

Temperament-based interventions
Training workshop for preschool day care providers
Parent education program for highly withdrawn children
Comprehensive intervention that teaches parents and teachers how to use temperament-based strategies to reduce behavior problems

Gurievich, Matvieyev (1970)

In an emergency situation, operators with strong nervous systems function effectively, while operators with weak nervous systems suffer from disorders.

Strong Nervous Systems

Better at studying, sport competitions, and operating in emergency situations
Styles of action: mobility of nervous processes does not affect work efficiency, but affects the style of action

Weak Nervous Systems

Discouragement from learning, behaviors indicating protective inhibition, and suffering from disorders in emergency situations
Styles of action: relationship between operators' efficiency and strength of their nervous system

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Relationship between the level of arousal (motivation) and the level of performance (response effectiveness)

Intelligence

The mental capacity to learn from experiences, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one's environment
Intelligence quotient (IQ): a standard measure of an individual's intelligence level based on psychological tests
IQ scoring: ranges from 40 to 160, with different levels of intelligence

Debates on IQ Testing

Validity, accuracy of measurement, reliability, and Jensenism (biologically inherited property varied according to skin color)

Sensation Seeking

A trait defined by the need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences and the willingness to take physical and social risks for the sake of such experience
Types of sensation seeking: thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility

Biological Theory of Sensation Seeking

Experimental research, sensory deprivation studies, and sensation seeking studies
Scientific relationship with Eysenck
Sensory deprivation: increased anxiety, somatic discomfort, thinking and concentration difficulties, and both auditory and visual hallucinations
Optimal level of arousal: a combination of physiological and psychological activation, influenced by factors such as stress, cognitive load, and emotional states

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Description

This quiz explores the relationship between temperament traits and PTSD symptoms, including how certain traits may provide resilience or exacerbate symptoms. It also touches on how changes in temperament affect PTSD.