PTSD Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
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What is the primary psychological benefit of MDMA in the context of PTSD therapy?

  • It creates a state of unconsciousness that removes painful memories.
  • It induces hallucinations that enhance the therapy experience.
  • It significantly alters cognitive perception leading to new belief systems.
  • It reduces the fear response to trauma-related stimuli. (correct)

    • Which effect of MDMA has been shown to enhance interpersonal relationships during therapy?

  • Induced dissociation from past trauma.
  • Increased oxytocin levels. (correct)
  • Decreased emotional empathy.
  • Enhanced visual clarity.

    • In MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, what role does increased Big 5 Openness play?

  • It indicates resistance to therapeutic processes.
  • It reflects decreased emotional engagement during treatment.
  • It correlates with lower levels of oxytocin.
  • It predicts better therapeutic outcomes for PTSD symptoms. (correct)

    • What is the typical duration of each MDMA therapy session?

    <p>5-8 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does MDMA affect brain activity according to the content?

    <p>Attenuates amygdala activity and activates the frontal cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adjustment disorder from PTSD and ASD?

    <p>Adjustment disorder occurs without meeting specific diagnostic criteria for PTSD or anxiety disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with an increased risk of developing PTSD?

    <p>Having strong emotional support post-trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological factor is associated with a higher vulnerability to developing PTSD?

    <p>A relatively small hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) play in PTSD symptoms?

    <p>It inhibits amygdala activity to regulate fear responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding was observed in the amygdala of individuals with PTSD?

    <p>Increased activity in response to emotional stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested by the heritability estimate of 0.30 for PTSD in war veterans?

    <p>Genetic predisposition plays a role in PTSD development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cortisol levels in individuals with PTSD generally compare to those without PTSD during non-stressful conditions?

    <p>Lower than in individuals without PTSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of severe trauma on associations formed with specific cues?

    <p>Previous positive associations with cues are overridden by trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does emotional processing theory relate to information-processing theories?

    <p>It explains how fear responses are learned, stored, and triggered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of mental defeat as described in the content?

    <p>Feeling like a victim and processing trauma negatively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following increases vulnerability to PTSD according to emotional processing theory?

    <p>Having fixed views about oneself and the world prior to trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does severe trauma impact an individual's beliefs about the world?

    <p>It can cause many more cues to elicit fear and hypervigilance responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does mental defeat have on the memory of trauma?

    <p>It prevents full processing and integration of the trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom may arise from mental defeat after a traumatic experience?

    <p>Dissociation between fear responses and their meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the therapeutic implications of emotional processing theory?

    <p>Therapies focus on modifying the fear network created by traumatic experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key difference between emotional processing theory and the conditioning account?

    <p>Emotional processing theory accounts for the impact of severe trauma on memory formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym IR stand for in the context of the study?

    <p>Intrusive Recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group exhibited greater ratings of danger due to scenarios containing intrusions?

    <p>Directly exposed individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as potentially affecting the correlation of IR with chronic PTSD symptoms?

    <p>The presence of acute PTSD symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of PTSD patients reportedly do not respond adequately to psychotherapy?

    <p>40-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the suggested benefits of drug treatment in the context of PTSD?

    <p>Enhancing engagement with traumatic material during therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the results suggest about intrusions in relation to danger inferences?

    <p>They act as contextual cues indicating potential harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the relationship between acute and chronic PTSD symptoms indicate?

    <p>Acute PTSD symptoms significantly predict chronic symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might IR not significantly contribute to chronic PTSD symptoms?

    <p>Small sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is currently considered the first-line treatment for PTSD?

    <p>Exposure-based psychotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What correlation coefficient range is found between negative interpretations of PTSD symptoms and chronic PTSD symptoms?

    <p>0.10 to 0.36</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main finding regarding PTSD symptoms compared to the non-PTSD group?

    <p>The PTSD group exhibited higher trait anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the PTSD group respond to scenarios with anxiety information compared to scenarios without it?

    <p>They showed higher danger ratings for scenarios with anxiety information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect remained intact even after controlling for anxiety and outcome expectations?

    <p>Higher danger ratings in PTSD participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between IQ and IR as indicated by the findings?

    <p>IQ had a low negative correlation with IR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ER & IR stand for, as described in the study?

    <p>Emotion Regulation &amp; Intrusion Recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the outcomes, what perception is likely to develop PTSD?

    <p>If they perceive instinct as dangerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do negative interpretations of symptoms play in the PTSD group's experience?

    <p>They are associated with increased PTSD severity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were participants instructed to engage with the scenarios during the study?

    <p>By identifying themselves with fictional characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which variable was found to have a moderate correlation of r = 0.35?

    <p>The relationship between ER and IR scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general outcome regarding anxiety sensitivity in the PTSD group?

    <p>It was higher compared to the non-PTSD group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PTSD Diagnostic Criteria

    • PTSD involves persistent anxiety symptoms after a frightening or life-threatening event.
    • The event can be experiencing death, injury, or sexual violation directly or witnessing it.
    • Learning about the violent or accidental death of a close family member or friend, or extreme or repeated exposure to a traumatic event, can also cause PTSD.
    • Symptoms develop over one month duration.

    PTSD Symptoms

    • Intrusive symptoms: Recurrent distressing memories, flashbacks, nightmares related to the event. Intense psychological or physical distress when reminded of it.
    • Avoidance: Actively avoiding thoughts, feelings, places, or people associated with the trauma. Avoiding conversations, activities, objects, situations.
    • Negative changes in cognition and mood: Ongoing negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world, persistent difficulty experiencing positive emotions. Feeling detachment or estrangement from others.
    • Hypervigilance and chronic arousal: Being constantly on guard for a threat to happen again; jumpiness, difficulties sleeping, or concentrating.

    PTSD Prevalence

    • Lifetime prevalence of PTSD is 1-3% in the general population.
    • Rates are higher in individuals exposed to severe trauma (war zones, disasters, etc.).
    • Up to 90% of rape victims and 50-90% torture victims can develop PTSD.

    PTSD and Gender

    • Women are more likely to develop PTSD than men (2.4 times more likely).
    • Possible reasons include the greater frequency of certain traumas, like sexual abuse, and the stigma surrounding them, reducing support systems.
    • Men may experience traumas considered less stigmatizing.

    PTSD and Culture

    • Cultural background affects PTSD prevalence, but frequency of exposure to trauma explains some differences.
    • Racial/ethnic minorities tend to seek treatment less often than whites due to lower socioeconomic status and/or greater stigma surrounding treatment.

    Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

    • ASD is similar to PTSD but the duration is shorter (1 month, not longer than 4 weeks).
    • Those with ASD have a high risk of developing PTSD symptoms later.

    Adjustment Disorder

    • Another trauma-related disorder.
    • Symptoms include emotional and behavioral distress within 3 months of a stressor.
    • Severity of the stressor may be lower than those that cause ASD or PTSD.

    PTSD Etiology

    • Vulnerability factors include: history of anxiety/depression, poor coping strategies (avoidance/dissociation), experiences of childhood trauma, physical/emotional abuse etc.
    • Pre-existing vulnerabilities, family history, and genetic factors play a role in PTSD susceptibility.
    • Factors such as resilience, support networks, and coping mechanisms influence how people recover from trauma.

    PTSD Treatment

    • Psychotherapy is the primary treatment. Methods include exposure therapy (facing fears), cognitive restructuring (challenging negative thoughts), and stress management techniques.
    • Medication (SSRIs) can help with symptoms like anxiety, nightmares, and sleep difficulties. However, medication often does not completely resolve PTSD alone.

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    Description

    This quiz tests your understanding of PTSD diagnostic criteria and its symptoms. You'll explore various aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder, including triggers, avoidance behaviors, and cognitive changes. Prepare to identify and explain the key elements that define PTSD.

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