Questions and Answers
The type of brain injury resulting from an external force is known as ______.
traumatic
The ______ of the brain are crucial areas that can be affected by injuries.
lobes
An example of a non-traumatic brain injury includes ______ injury.
internal
Important notes about cognitive functions can be part of the ______ examination.
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Calcium and zinc are examples of ______ that may have effects on brain health.
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A history of ______ is essential for understanding the context of a neurological examination.
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Exposure to carbon monoxide can lead to ______ brain injury.
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The ______ is an area of the brain prone to anoxia due to its high metabolic demand.
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RLA Level 4 is characterized by behaviors like hitting, yelling, and __________.
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Patients may show decreased __________ and rapid changes in emotions.
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It is important to keep __________ low by using a quiet room and soft lighting.
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When interacting with agitated patients, do not ask for __________ information.
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To help manage agitation, start with functional __________ first.
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The main complaint of relatives is usually associated with altered levels of ______.
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Patients in the confused stage should have their relatives ______.
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The peak ages for altered levels of consciousness are during the teenage and young adult ______.
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TBI at a very young age may be associated with Shaken-baby Syndrome or ______.
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The comatose state is characterized by no response to any ______.
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In a vegetative state, there is a dissociation between wakefulness and ______.
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Higher incidence of altered consciousness is found in younger groups due to their generally more ______ behavior.
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The elderly population (>65 y/o) experiences the highest level of ______ due to unintentional falls.
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The term comatose refers to a state where the arousal system is ______ functional.
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Motor vehicular accidents are common occurrences among the ______ age groups.
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Disruption of connection from the brainstem to the ______
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The higher the score, the more disabled ______ functions are present in the brainstem.
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Evaluates eight areas of functioning in four categories: consciousness, cognitive ability, dependence on others, and ______.
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PT approaches include watching for signs of ______ or wakefulness.
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Examination will focus on passive procedures such as ocular inspection, palpation, and testing for ______.
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Cognitive flexibility is the ability to adapt ______.
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There is a total of 52 ______.
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Functional assessment especially focuses on the level of dependency and tolerance in ______ positions.
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BA 312 is associated with the primary ______.
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PT must still talk to the patient even without any form of ______.
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The functional independence measure tests the level of ______ of the patient.
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Response inhibition is the ability to repress ______ responses.
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It is commonly used to measure functional mobility, ADL function, cognition, and ______.
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BA 4 and 6 are known as the primary motor and premotor ______.
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The four categories for evaluating functioning include consciousness, cognitive ability, dependence, and ______.
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Broca's Area (BA 44, 45) is responsible for motor speech ______.
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BA 17 is known as the primary ______ cortex.
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BA 22 is associated with ______ comprehension.
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Gerstmann syndrome (BA 39-40) includes left-right disorientation and ______.
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We examine cognitive functions during neurologic examination of the ______.
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Study Notes
Traumatic Brain Injury Examination
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI) includes both external and internal injuries to the brain.
- Non-traumatic brain injuries can be categorized as toxic, metabolic, or anoxic, each with specific causes.
- Toxic injuries may involve substances like manganese, zinc, copper, while metabolic injuries relate to conditions such as Gaucher's disease and Niemann-Pick disease.
- Anoxic injuries can arise from cardiac arrest or carbon monoxide poisoning, with specific brain areas more vulnerable, such as the hippocampus and basal ganglia.
Subjective Examination
- Gathering patient demographics is crucial, with males more frequently affected than females.
- Peak incidence for TBIs typically occurs in individuals aged 0-4 years and 15-24 years due to high-risk behaviors and activities.
- The elderly population (65+ years) shows the highest mortality from TBIs, primarily due to accidental falls.
Cognitive and Behavioral Assessments
- Assess cognitive flexibility and self-initiation skills during examination; response inhibition is also significant.
- Understanding the patient's level of consciousness is vital, particularly for relatives' reports in cases of altered consciousness.
Levels of Consciousness
- Comatose: Complete lack of response to stimuli; may evolve to brain death or recovery; eyes remain closed with no sleep/wake cycle.
- Vegetative State: Presence of wakefulness without awareness; brainstem functions intact, but higher brain functions disrupted.
- Confused Agitated (RLA Level 4): Characterized by extreme restlessness, agitation, and confusion; involves erratic behaviors such as hitting or yelling.
Functional Independence Measure
- Used to evaluate mobility, activities of daily living (ADL), cognition, and communication ability.
- Patients may follow commands inconsistently; observing responses to simple commands helps gauge consciousness.
- May require adaptation of physical therapy approaches based on levels of arousal and engagement during therapy sessions.
Physical Therapy (PT) Approaches
- For patients with low levels of consciousness, focus on passive assessments and ensure gentle physical interactions.
- In confused and agitated states, simplify tasks and enhance familiarity without overwhelming the patient.
- Limit verbal communication to avoid confusion and reduce stimulus from the environment, implementing soft sounds and soft lighting in therapy settings.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the neurological examination related to traumatic and non-traumatic brain injuries. It includes specific content on the evaluation of internal injuries to the brain as part of the curriculum for first-semester students. Test your understanding of these critical topics to enhance your knowledge in this vital field.
