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Questions and Answers
What does the psychosocial model consider in understanding health and illness?
What is Chlorpromazine?
An antipsychotic medication first developed in the 1950s, commonly used to treat schizophrenia.
What is a drug?
A substance affecting the body's functions.
Define drug abuse.
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What does drug dependence mean?
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What is drug misuse?
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What is the Ebers Papyrus?
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Define illicit (illegal) drugs.
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What is instrumental use of drugs?
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Define licit (legal) drugs.
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What is acute toxicity?
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Define behavioral tolerance.
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What is a catheter?
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What does chronic toxicity refer to?
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Define dose.
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What is a dose-response curve?
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Define drug-defined crime.
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What is a drug-related emergency-department visit?
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What is a drug-using lifestyle?
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Define economically compulsive violence.
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What is an effective dose (ED)?
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Define global illicit drug trade.
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What is laissez-faire?
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What is a lethal dose (LD)?
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Define margin of safety.
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What is money laundering?
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What is pharmacological violence?
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Define physical dependence.
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What does psychological dependence mean?
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What is systemic violence?
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What is a therapeutic index?
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What does tolerance refer to?
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Define toxicity.
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What is acetylcholine?
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What is biotransformation?
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What is the blood-brain barrier?
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Define central nervous system (CNS).
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What is the cerebral cortex?
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What is cross-dependence?
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Define cross-tolerance.
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What is dopamine?
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What does double-blind mean in research?
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What is elimination half-life?
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What are endocannabinoids?
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What are endorphins?
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What is gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
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Define glutamate.
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What is the insula?
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What is intramuscular (i.m.) injection?
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What does intranasal mean?
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What is intravenous (i.v.) injection?
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What is latency period?
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What is the mesolimbic dopamine system?
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What is a metabolite?
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What is a neuron?
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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What is norepinephrine?
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Define nucleus accumbens.
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What is the parasympathetic branch?
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What is the peripheral nervous system?
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What is a placebo?
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What is potentiation?
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Define prefrontal cortex.
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What is reuptake?
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What is serotonin?
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What is a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection?
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What is sublingual administration?
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Define sympathetic branch.
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What is a synapse?
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What is synergism?
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What is a transdermal patch?
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What is vaping?
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What is the ventral tegmental area (VTA)?
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Study Notes
Psychosocial Model
- Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to understand health and illness.
Chlorpromazine
- An antipsychotic medication developed in the 1950s for treating schizophrenia.
- Blocks dopamine action, addressing symptoms related to the disorder.
- Originally intended for surgical anesthesia before its psychiatric use was discovered.
Drug-Related Terminology
- Drug: Substance that alters bodily functions.
- Drug Abuse: Inappropriate or harmful usage of drugs.
- Drug Dependence: Regular need for drug intake to function normally.
- Drug Misuse: Incorrect or unapproved use of drugs.
Ebers Papyrus
- An ancient Egyptian medical document, circa 1550 BCE, one of the oldest known.
- Scroll over 20 meters long, containing around 700 remedies and magical formulas.
- Addresses various health issues such as eye diseases, skin conditions, gynecology, and digestive problems.
Drug Classifications
- Llicit (Illegal) Drugs: Drugs that are prohibited by law.
- Instrumental Use: Utilizing drugs for specific, often therapeutic purposes.
- Licit (Legal) Drugs: Drugs approved for legal use under regulations.
Toxicity and Dose Concepts
- Acute Toxicity: Immediate harmful effects post drug intake, ranging from mild to fatal.
- Chronic Toxicity: Long-term harmful effects that may lead to serious health complications.
- Effective Dose (ED): Amount of drug needed to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
- Lethal Dose (LD): Amount of drug sufficient to cause death.
- Therapeutic Index: Ratio indicating the safety margin between ED and LD.
Drug-Related Events and Life
- Drug-defined Crime: Criminal acts related to the nature or effects of drugs.
- Drug-related Emergency-department Visits: ER incidents caused by drug use/overdose.
- Drug-Using Lifestyle: A lifestyle dominated by obtaining and using drugs, causing social and health issues.
Violence and Drug Use
- Economically Compulsive Violence: Aggressive acts to obtain drugs financially.
- Systemic Violence: Intrinsic violence associated with the drug trade and distribution.
Neurotransmitters and Brain Function
- Acetylcholine: Vital neurotransmitter for muscle action and memory.
- Dopamine: Neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward.
- Serotonin: Influences mood and sleep patterns.
- GABA: Main inhibitory neurotransmitter, critical for calming neural activity.
- Glutamate: Primary excitatory neurotransmitter, important for cognitive functions.
Drug Administration Methods
- Intramuscular (i.m.): Injection into muscle.
- Intranasal: Delivery of drugs via the nasal route.
- Intravenous (i.v.): Direct injection into a vein.
- Sublingual: Placing drugs under the tongue for absorption.
- Transdermal Patch: Patch that administers drugs through the skin.
Addiction and Opioids
- Opioids: A class of drugs, both natural and synthetic, used for pain relief.
- Heroin: An illicit opioid derived from morphine.
- Naloxone: Medication to reverse opioid overdose effects.
- Methadone: Synthetic opioid for pain management and opioid addiction therapy.
- Multimodality Programs: Treatment approaches that incorporate various intervention strategies for addiction.
Conclusion
- Understanding drug effects, classifications, and treatment options is crucial for addressing health and societal issues related to substance use and dependence.
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Description
Explore the integration of biological, psychological, and social factors in health through the psychosocial model. Learn about important drug-related terminology, classifications, and the historical significance of ancient medical texts like the Ebers Papyrus.