Psychosocial Model and Drug Terminology
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Questions and Answers

What does the psychosocial model consider in understanding health and illness?

  • Biological factors
  • Psychological factors
  • Social factors
  • All of the above (correct)

What is Chlorpromazine?

An antipsychotic medication first developed in the 1950s, commonly used to treat schizophrenia.

What is a drug?

A substance affecting the body's functions.

Define drug abuse.

<p>Inappropriate or harmful drug use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does drug dependence mean?

<p>Need for regular drug intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is drug misuse?

<p>Incorrect drug use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Ebers Papyrus?

<p>An ancient Egyptian medical text and one of the oldest known medical documents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define illicit (illegal) drugs.

<p>Prohibited drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is instrumental use of drugs?

<p>Using drugs for specific purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define licit (legal) drugs.

<p>Lawfully approved drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is acute toxicity?

<p>Harmful effects right after drug intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define behavioral tolerance.

<p>Lessened drug effect with repeated use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a catheter?

<p>A tube used to deliver or drain fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does chronic toxicity refer to?

<p>Harmful effects from long-term exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define dose.

<p>Measured amount of drug or medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a dose-response curve?

<p>Graph showing the relationship between drug dose and its effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define drug-defined crime.

<p>Crime due to the effects or nature of a drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drug-related emergency-department visit?

<p>ER visit due to drug use or overdose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drug-using lifestyle?

<p>A life centered around obtaining and using drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define economically compulsive violence.

<p>Violence to secure funds for drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective dose (ED)?

<p>Dose causing desired therapeutic effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define global illicit drug trade.

<p>Worldwide trade of illegal drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is laissez-faire?

<p>Philosophy of minimal governmental intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lethal dose (LD)?

<p>Dose sufficient to cause death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define margin of safety.

<p>Difference between therapeutic and lethal doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is money laundering?

<p>Process of making illegal gains appear legal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmacological violence?

<p>Violence as a direct result of drug intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define physical dependence.

<p>Need for continued drug use to avoid withdrawal symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does psychological dependence mean?

<p>Emotional/mental need for a drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is systemic violence?

<p>Violence inherent in drug trade and distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a therapeutic index?

<p>Ratio of lethal dose to effective dose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does tolerance refer to?

<p>Decreased responsiveness to a drug over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define toxicity.

<p>Degree to which a substance can harm humans or animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is acetylcholine?

<p>Neurotransmitter involved in muscle action and memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biotransformation?

<p>Chemical alteration of a substance in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Barrier protecting the brain from harmful chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define central nervous system (CNS).

<p>Brain and spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cerebral cortex?

<p>Outermost layer of the brain; thinking and sensory processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cross-dependence?

<p>One drug can be used to reduce withdrawal symptoms of another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define cross-tolerance.

<p>Tolerance to one drug reduces response to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dopamine?

<p>Neurotransmitter related to pleasure and reward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does double-blind mean in research?

<p>Study where both subjects and researchers are unaware of treatment given.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is elimination half-life?

<p>Time to eliminate half a drug's concentration from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are endocannabinoids?

<p>Naturally occurring cannabis-like substances in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are endorphins?

<p>Brain chemicals relieving pain and promoting pleasure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)?

<p>Main inhibitory neurotransmitter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define glutamate.

<p>Main excitatory neurotransmitter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the insula?

<p>Brain region linked to emotion and self-awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intramuscular (i.m.) injection?

<p>Injection into a muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does intranasal mean?

<p>Administration through the nose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intravenous (i.v.) injection?

<p>Direct injection into a vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is latency period?

<p>Time between drug intake and onset of effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mesolimbic dopamine system?

<p>Brain pathway related to reward and pleasure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a metabolite?

<p>Product of biotransformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a neuron?

<p>Basic nerve cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a neurotransmitter?

<p>Chemical that transmits signals between neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is norepinephrine?

<p>Neurotransmitter related to alertness and energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define nucleus accumbens.

<p>Brain region linked to pleasure and reward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the parasympathetic branch?

<p>Part of the autonomic nervous system; 'rest and digest.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Nerves outside the CNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a placebo?

<p>Inactive substance used as a control in studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is potentiation?

<p>Combined drug effect greater than individual effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define prefrontal cortex.

<p>Brain region linked to decision-making and personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reuptake?

<p>Absorption of neurotransmitter back into neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is serotonin?

<p>Neurotransmitter related to mood and sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection?

<p>Injection under the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sublingual administration?

<p>Administration under the tongue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define sympathetic branch.

<p>Part of the autonomic nervous system; 'fight or flight.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a synapse?

<p>Gap where neurotransmitters transmit signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is synergism?

<p>Combined drug effect equal to sum of individual effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a transdermal patch?

<p>Patch delivering drugs through the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vaping?

<p>Inhaling aerosol from e-cigarettes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ventral tegmental area (VTA)?

<p>Brain region linked to reward and pleasure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychosocial Model

  • Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to understand health and illness.

Chlorpromazine

  • An antipsychotic medication developed in the 1950s for treating schizophrenia.
  • Blocks dopamine action, addressing symptoms related to the disorder.
  • Originally intended for surgical anesthesia before its psychiatric use was discovered.
  • Drug: Substance that alters bodily functions.
  • Drug Abuse: Inappropriate or harmful usage of drugs.
  • Drug Dependence: Regular need for drug intake to function normally.
  • Drug Misuse: Incorrect or unapproved use of drugs.

Ebers Papyrus

  • An ancient Egyptian medical document, circa 1550 BCE, one of the oldest known.
  • Scroll over 20 meters long, containing around 700 remedies and magical formulas.
  • Addresses various health issues such as eye diseases, skin conditions, gynecology, and digestive problems.

Drug Classifications

  • Llicit (Illegal) Drugs: Drugs that are prohibited by law.
  • Instrumental Use: Utilizing drugs for specific, often therapeutic purposes.
  • Licit (Legal) Drugs: Drugs approved for legal use under regulations.

Toxicity and Dose Concepts

  • Acute Toxicity: Immediate harmful effects post drug intake, ranging from mild to fatal.
  • Chronic Toxicity: Long-term harmful effects that may lead to serious health complications.
  • Effective Dose (ED): Amount of drug needed to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
  • Lethal Dose (LD): Amount of drug sufficient to cause death.
  • Therapeutic Index: Ratio indicating the safety margin between ED and LD.
  • Drug-defined Crime: Criminal acts related to the nature or effects of drugs.
  • Drug-related Emergency-department Visits: ER incidents caused by drug use/overdose.
  • Drug-Using Lifestyle: A lifestyle dominated by obtaining and using drugs, causing social and health issues.

Violence and Drug Use

  • Economically Compulsive Violence: Aggressive acts to obtain drugs financially.
  • Systemic Violence: Intrinsic violence associated with the drug trade and distribution.

Neurotransmitters and Brain Function

  • Acetylcholine: Vital neurotransmitter for muscle action and memory.
  • Dopamine: Neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward.
  • Serotonin: Influences mood and sleep patterns.
  • GABA: Main inhibitory neurotransmitter, critical for calming neural activity.
  • Glutamate: Primary excitatory neurotransmitter, important for cognitive functions.

Drug Administration Methods

  • Intramuscular (i.m.): Injection into muscle.
  • Intranasal: Delivery of drugs via the nasal route.
  • Intravenous (i.v.): Direct injection into a vein.
  • Sublingual: Placing drugs under the tongue for absorption.
  • Transdermal Patch: Patch that administers drugs through the skin.

Addiction and Opioids

  • Opioids: A class of drugs, both natural and synthetic, used for pain relief.
  • Heroin: An illicit opioid derived from morphine.
  • Naloxone: Medication to reverse opioid overdose effects.
  • Methadone: Synthetic opioid for pain management and opioid addiction therapy.
  • Multimodality Programs: Treatment approaches that incorporate various intervention strategies for addiction.

Conclusion

  • Understanding drug effects, classifications, and treatment options is crucial for addressing health and societal issues related to substance use and dependence.

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Description

Explore the integration of biological, psychological, and social factors in health through the psychosocial model. Learn about important drug-related terminology, classifications, and the historical significance of ancient medical texts like the Ebers Papyrus.

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