Psychosexual Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which stage of psychosexual development is characterized by the child deriving pleasure from touching and manipulating their own sex organs?

  • Latency Stage
  • Anal Stage
  • Phallic Stage (correct)
  • Oral Stage

What is the major developmental task of the Anal Stage?

  • Oedipus Complex/Electra Complex
  • Weaning
  • Toilet Training (correct)
  • Development of Ego Defense Mechanisms

According to Freud, what happens to libidinal forces during the Latency Stage?

  • They are focused on the development of the ego.
  • They calm down and identification with the same sex parent becomes strong. (correct)
  • They become fixated on the anal region.
  • They are transferred to the opposite sex parent.

What is the primary source of pleasure during the Oral Stage?

<p>The mouth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of psychosexual development is associated with the Oedipus Complex/Electra Complex?

<p>Phallic Stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for potential fixations in the psychosexual stages?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary developmental task of the Latency Stage?

<p>Development of ego defense mechanisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of early puberty for girls compared to boys?

<p>Early developing girls tend to have a more difficult time adjusting than the average. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between 'alpha particles' and 'beta particles'?

<p>Alpha particles are positive elements of the unconscious, while beta particles are negative. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the Big 5 personality dimensions?

<p>Openness to Experience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text explain the development of a child's personality?

<p>Personality is a collection of traits that emerge from early childhood experiences and interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality dimension describes a person's tendency to be warm and compassionate in interpersonal interactions?

<p>Agreeableness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key challenge in defining personality dimensions, according to the text?

<p>The lack of consensus on what constitutes a universally applicable model of personality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'shadow of the unconscious' refer to?

<p>The unconscious projection of negative aspects onto others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of gonadotrophic hormones secreted during puberty?

<p>To regulate the release of sex hormones, leading to sexual development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that contributed to the child's emotional healing after the traumatic experiences?

<p>Having a secondary maternal figure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors was listed as a significant contributor to the child's breakdown?

<p>Experiencing paternal loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does intellectual capacity play in a child's resilience according to the content?

<p>It enhances problem-solving abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a holophrase according to the content?

<p>Sock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the frontal part of the brain control?

<p>Foresight and judgment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do the fontanels typically fuse to form a single connected skull bone?

<p>18 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the growth spurt occurring primarily during adolescence?

<p>Ossification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body system development measure involves growth linked to the heart and lungs?

<p>Stamina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the superego in Freudian theory?

<p>To mediate between the ego and the id (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defence mechanisms involves redirecting an unwanted impulse toward something more acceptable?

<p>Displacement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In developmental psychology, what is the purpose of longitudinal designs?

<p>To track the same participants over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between manifest content and latent content in dreams?

<p>Manifest content represents actual dreams, while latent content represents their underlying meanings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Encapsulated Delusion

A phenomenon where a person protects themselves by separating their delusional beliefs from their everyday functioning.

Resilience (in Child Development)

A child's ability to cope with challenges and bounce back from difficulties. It's often linked to their capacity for self-regulation and intellectual abilities.

Animism

A stage in a child's development where they attribute life-like characteristics to inanimate objects or abstract concepts.

Cognitive Distortion (Adolescence)

A stage where children develop exaggerated beliefs about their abilities, often believing they are invincible.

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Holophrase

A single word that can have a variety of meanings depending on the context, common in early language development.

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Telegraphic Speech

A simple sentence structure used by young children where they omit unnecessary words, such as articles and conjunctions.

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Neologisms

New words invented by children to describe things or actions, especially before they have learned the conventional term.

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Hindbrain

The part of the brain responsible for basic life functions like breathing, heart rate, and sleep. It's fully developed at birth.

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ID (Freud)

The part of the mind that is ruled by the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.

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Ego (Freud)

The part of the mind that acts as a mediator between the ID and the Superego, navigating reality and making decisions.

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Superego (Freud)

The part of the mind that represents morality, internalized rules and values, often acting as a conscience.

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Repression (Freud)

A process of pushing unwanted thoughts, memories, or feelings into the unconscious, often done to protect oneself from anxiety.

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Projection (Freud)

A defense mechanism in which a person attributes their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else.

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Rationalization (Freud)

A defense mechanism involving the creation of a logically acceptable excuse for unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

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Goals of Developmental Psychology

Aims to describe, explain, predict, and influence developmental changes across the lifespan.

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Cross-Sectional Design

A research design that studies different age groups at a single point in time.

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Reptilian Brain

The part of the brain responsible for basic survival instincts like breathing, temperature control, and eating.

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Frontal Lobe

The part of the brain involved in higher-level thinking, planning, and decision-making.

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Hypnagogic

Experiences occurring during the transition from wakefulness to sleep.

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Hypnopompic

Experiences occurring during the transition from sleep to wakefulness.

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Ossification

The process of bone formation and hardening.

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Motor Development

The ability to use the body to perform physical activities.

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Muscle Growth Spurt

The increase in strength and thickness of muscles as children grow.

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Monotropicity

A strong emotional bond between a baby and a primary caregiver.

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Personality Development

The process of a child's personality development where they learn essential social skills and develop their own unique identity. It involves various factors influencing the child's identity formation.

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The Big 5

A set of five core dimensions of personality which encompass a variety of individual traits, including their social interactions, emotional regulation, and motivation. These dimensions are considered to be relatively stable across time and consistent across different cultures.

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Extraversion

A type of personality dimension that describes how outgoing and social someone is. They tend to enjoy social interactions and prefer engaging with others.

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Agreeableness

One of the Big 5, it refers to the extent to which a person's personality is characterized by cooperation, empathy, and concern for others. They tend to be warm, approachable, and willing to help others.

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Conscientiousness

One of the Big 5, it refers to the level of self-control and discipline someone has. They tend to be organized, goal-oriented, and responsible.

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Neuroticism (Emotional Instability)

One of the Big 5, it represents the level of emotional stability and resilience someone has. They tend to handle stress well and are more adaptable to change.

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Beta Particles/Facets

The unconscious part of our personality that holds the negative aspects we tend to deny or repress. It can be projected onto others, making us perceive them in a negative light.

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Alpha Particles/Facets

The unconscious part of our personality that holds positive qualities and aspects. They are the ones we tend to display in our conscious behavior.

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Oral Stage

The first psychosexual stage, spanning from birth to 1 year, where infants derive pleasure primarily through oral activities like sucking, chewing, and biting. This stage is crucial for the development of trust and oral skills.

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Anal Stage

The second psychosexual stage, from 1 to 3 years old, where children focus on pleasure derived from controlling bowel movements and the anus. Toilet training is the major developmental task of this stage.

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Phallic Stage

The third psychosexual stage, occurring between 3 to 5 years, characterized by the development of sexual curiosity and exploration of genitals. It's marked by the Oedipus or Electra complex, where children develop feelings for the parent of the opposite sex.

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Latency Stage

The fourth psychosexual stage, lasting from 5 to 12 years, is a time of sexual dormancy. Libido energy is suppressed as children focus on social and academic development.

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Fixation

A concept in psychoanalytic theory that refers to the failure to adequately resolve a particular psychosexual stage, leading to persistent psychological characteristics and behaviors associated with that stage.

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Regression

A psychoanalytic term referring to a return to an earlier stage of psychosexual development in response to stress or challenges.

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Id

The component of the mind in Freud's theory that represents instinctual drives for pleasure and immediate gratification. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate satisfaction.

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Ego

The component of the mind in Freud's theory responsible for mediating between the demands of the Id, the constraints of the Superego, and the realities of the external world. It operates on the reality principle, seeking realistic ways to satisfy the Id's desires.

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Clear-Cut Attachment

The stage of attachment where infants clearly understand that their caregiver exists even when they can't see them, leading to separation anxiety.

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Separation Anxiety Peak

The peak of separation anxiety in infants, occurring around 15 months, due to their understanding of object permanence.

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Bioecological Theory

Bronfenbrenner's theory that emphasizes how external factors influence child development, considering the child within a complex social environment.

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Microsystem

The innermost circle in Bronfenbrenner's theory, focusing on the immediate social agents that directly impact the child, such as family and friends.

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Reciprocal Interaction

A two-way relationship in Bronfenbrenner's theory, where the child influences their environment and the environment influences the child.

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Study Notes

Developmental Psychology

  • Seeks to identify factors influencing development and how they interact
  • 3 key goals: understand universal changes, explain individual differences, and explore environmental influences on behavior.

Basic Issues in Development

  • Attachment is a crucial factor
  • Founders of child psychology include priests, parents, and older women.
  • Key schools of thought include Psychoanalytic (Freud, Jung), Behaviorist (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner), and Humanistic (Rogers, Maslow).
  • John Watson advocated for rigid child-rearing methods, differing from the American parenting style
  • Dr. Benjamin Spock's recommendations were seen as emotionally cold and excessively rigid, while today are viewed as overly indulgent.
  • Children need structure, routine, and predictability.

Factors Influencing a Child's Life

  • Factors for a Somalian refugee child's breakdown: death of mother, loss of country, and early-life trauma
  • Factors for healing: having a secondary maternal figure, siblings, resilience and hope
  • Factors affecting individuals with Encapsulated Delusions: self-protection and separation of delusions from daily life

Development of Speech

  • Speech development progresses from cooing to babbling, holophrases, telegraphic speech, and neologisms.

Nature vs Nurture

  • Nature: hereditary information from parents (e.g., physical appearance)
  • Nurture: complex forces of the physical and social world (e.g., language development)
  • Idealists/rationalists (Plato, Descartes) believed some knowledge is innate; empiricists (Locke) insisted the mind is a blank slate shaped by experience.
  • Nurture influences nature, before birth (e.g., crack babies from drug use, malnutrition).
  • Nurture influences nature, after birth (e.g., abuse, still-face syndrome, language development).

Perspectives on Development

  • How nurture affects nature: before birth (e.g., prenatal exposures), and after birth (e.g., interactions)
  • Importance of stability, continuity, resilience and hope for better development
  • 3 types of Cerebral Palsy: prenatal, perinatal, postnatal.
  • Continuity vs. discontinuity in development.

Case Study: Phobia of School

  • 8-year-old intelligent girl with a phobia of school.
  • Factors explored: school environment, peer pressure, and external factors.

Research Methods

  • Goals of developmental psychology research: describe, explain, predict, and influence development.
  • Methods: cross-sectional, longitudinal, sequential designs, case studies, naturalistic observations, and correlational research; ethical considerations

Pre-Natal Development

  • Stages of conception and development
  • Genetics of conception: the nucleus of each cell has 46 chromosomes. 22 of these contain identical genetic information ,the 23rd is the sex chromosome.
  • When 23 chromosomes meet, they provide a mix of instructions.

Atypical Development

  • Genetic disorders: autosomal (e.g., PKU, sickle-cell anemia), sex-linked (e.g., hemophilia), and chromosomal errors (e.g., Down syndrome, Turner syndrome.)
  • Teratogens: factors that can cause abnormal development (e.g., maternal diseases, substance abuse, exposure to chemicals)

Birth and Early Infancy

  • Stages of labor (dilation, delivery, afterbirth)
  • Reflexes and physical development during infant stages.
  • Types of reflexes (e.g., palmar, plantar grasp, Moro, Asymmetric Tonic Neck, Babinski sign).

Prenatal Development (Continued)

  • Stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal stage
  • Sex differences during prenatal development:
  • Males are more physically active, and females are more sensitive to external stimuli
  • Prenatal behavior: the fetus responds to sounds and shows signs of learning

Physical Development

  • Brain and nervous system: main structures (e.g., midbrain, cerebellum, cortex, spinal cord, medulla)
  • Growth spurts, especially in adolescence.
  • Synaptic development (creation of connections between neurons), and pruning (elimination of unnecessary connections)
  • Myelination (development of protective sheaths around axons- essential for brain development)

Main Changes in the Body

  • Size and shape: noticeable change in size and shape between birth and adulthood.
  • Bones: undergo ossification (becoming harder).
  • Muscles and fat: increase in size and strength.
  • Using the body: stamina and physical skills develop through childhood interactions and physical experiences

Monotropicity

  • The baby attaches primarily to one person.

Endocrine and Reproductive Systems

  • Hormones regulate overall growth and sexual maturation.
  • Primary and secondary sexual characteristics develop during puberty.

Personality Development

  • Socially constructed traits
  • The Big 5 (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience).
  • Temperament: inborn personality traits.
  • Freud's psychosexual stages explain personality development.
  • Identity formation (Marcia).

Stages of Development:

  • Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 18 months);
  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months to 3.5 years)
  • Initiative vs. Guilt (3.5 years to 6 years)
  • Industry vs. Inferiority(6 years to 12 years)
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence)
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)
  • Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
  • Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)

Ecological Perspective

  • Bronfenbrenner's theory emphasizes external influences on development.
  • Levels: microsystem (immediate environment), mesosystem (interaction between microsystems), exosystem (external influences on microsystem), macrosystem (larger social and cultural influences), and chronosystem (impact of time).

Bowlby's Attachment Theory

  • Attachment as an evolutionary survival strategy to protect infants
  • 4 stages: pre-attachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, formation of reciprocal relationships.

Atypical Prenatal Development

  • Teratogens (environmental substances harmful to development).
  • genetic disorders (autosomal and sex-linked).

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Test your knowledge on Freud's stages of psychosexual development with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as the Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages, and understand the potential fixations that may occur. Perfect for psychology students and enthusiasts alike!

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