63 Questions
What is the primary mechanism of action for nonselective norepinephrine-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (NNSRIs)?
They inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in presynaptic nerve terminals.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of NNSRIs?
They are considered first-line treatment for depression.
Which of the following is an example of an NNSRI?
Amitriptyline
What is a potential benefit of NNSRIs compared to other classes of antidepressants?
They are less expensive.
Which of the following receptors are NOT blocked by NNSRIs?
Dopaminergic receptors
What is a potential side effect of NNSRIs?
Weight gain
What is the maximum recommended dose of citalopram for patients older than 60 years of age?
20 mg per day
Which symptom is NOT associated with discontinuation syndrome of SSRIs and NNSRIs?
Hypertension
Which SSRI has the lowest risk of causing discontinuation symptoms?
Fluoxetine
Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing citalopram according to the text?
3A4
Which SNRI is specifically indicated for diabetic neuropathy according to the text?
Duloxetine
What is the recommended action if a patient experiences discontinuation syndrome symptoms?
Gradual tapering of the medication
Which neurotransmitters do SNRIs affect by blocking reuptake mechanisms?
Serotonin and norepinephrine
What is a potential adverse effect of taking SSRIs according to the text?
Diarrhea
What is one reason SSRIs are not well tolerated by older adults?
Anticholinergic side effects
Why is it recommended to take SSRIs at bedtime?
To avoid sedation
Which class of drugs includes Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft, and Celexa?
SSRIs
What is one severe condition that can result from excess serotonin activity?
Serotonin syndrome
Which system do SSRIs inhibit, potentially causing various drug interactions?
CYP450 isoenzyme system
Which class of medications includes venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine?
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
What is a common side effect associated with SNRIs?
Insomnia
Which antidepressant is indicated for treatment of major depressive disorder, including seasonal affective disorder, and for smoking cessation?
Bupropion
What is a potential risk associated with bupropion in patients with eating disorders?
Increased risk of seizures
Which medication is used for fibromyalgia treatment but lacks FDA indication for depression?
Milnacipran
Why is it advised to start low with an SNRI dosing?
To prevent exacerbation of anxiety symptoms
Which of the following is a distinguishing factor between bupropion SR and XL formulations?
Half-life
Which adverse drug reaction is minimal with buspirone compared to SSRIs?
Sexual dysfunction effects
What is the first-line treatment recommended by the American Psychiatric Association guidelines for depression and anxiety?
A combination of medication and psychotherapy
Which antidepressant is FDA approved to treat MDD, OCD, panic disorder, GAD, and PTSD?
Paroxetine
What is a significant risk associated with the use of Benzodiazepines (BZDs) when paired with alcohol?
Intense sedative effect
What is a common side effect of long-term BZD use that may require hospitalization?
Seizures
According to research, what is one of the most important considerations when selecting an antidepressant?
Cost
Which medication is a nonbenzodiazepine GABA agonist approved to treat anxiety disorders?
Buspirone
Which antidepressant is indicated for the treatment of MDD and GAD in adults and for MDD in adolescents aged 12 and older?
Escitalopram
What can increase patient adherence to prescribed medication according to the text?
Educating patients about potential side effects
Which SSRI is NOT approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD)?
Fluvoxamine
In which group of patients should precaution be taken when prescribing BZDs?
Older adults and those with liver disease
When should an antidepressant typically start showing its effects?
$3-4$ weeks
Which medication does not directly act on the GABA receptor but is a partial agonist to the 5-HT1A receptor?
Buspirone
What is the primary indication for venlafaxine XR among the following?
GAD, MDD, and panic disorder
What is a significant risk associated with abrupt discontinuation of long-term BZD use?
Seizures
What is a common side effect seen with SSRIs?
Restlessness
What effect do SSRIs have on histamine receptors?
No effect on histamine receptors
What is the primary mechanism of action for trazodone that contributes to its sedating effect?
Blocking histamine receptors
Which of the following is a rare but serious side effect associated with trazodone?
Priapism
What is the unique mechanism of action of mirtazapine that contributes to its favorable side effect profile?
It blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, and blocks 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors
Which of the following is a common side effect of mirtazapine that may be beneficial for some patients?
Increased appetite
What is the primary mechanism of action of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?
They block the enzyme monoamine oxidase, preventing the breakdown of monoamines
Why is a tyramine-free diet required for patients taking MAOIs?
To prevent hypertensive crisis
Which of the following is a potential symptom of a hypertensive crisis caused by the interaction between MAOIs and tyramine?
All of the above
What is the advantage of the transdermal form of the MAOI selegiline (Emsam)?
It avoids first-pass metabolism, producing less inhibition of liver and gut MAO
Why are MAOIs used less often than other antidepressants?
They have potentially lethal side effects and dangerous interactions
What is the recommended "washout period" before starting a MAOI after discontinuing an SSRI or other serotonergic medication?
2 to 5 weeks
What is the primary mechanism of action for benzodiazepines?
Agonism at GABA receptors
Which of the following is an advantage of short-acting benzodiazepines?
Less drug accumulation
What is the primary mechanism of action for vilazodone (Viibryd)?
Serotonin partial agonist reuptake inhibition
Which of the following statements about vortioxetine (Trintellix) is true?
It increases the release of multiple neurotransmitters
Which of the following is a long-acting benzodiazepine?
Diazepam (Valium)
What is a potential advantage of long-acting benzodiazepines compared to short-acting ones?
Less severe withdrawal symptoms
Which of the following statements about vilazodone (Viibryd) is false?
It has been proven to cause fewer sexual side effects than SSRIs
Which of the following is an advantage of benzodiazepines for treating anxiety disorders?
Minimal effect on the cardiovascular system
What is the age range for which the MAOI mentioned in the text is approved?
12 years and older
Which of the following statements about vortioxetine (Trintellix) is true?
It has been shown to improve cognitive function in depressed patients
Learn about the potential life-threatening side effects of specific psychopharmacology medications and the importance of cautious prescribing to patients at risk of suicide. Understand the common side effects of weight gain and sedation, and optimal timing for medication administration.
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