Psychopathology Fundamentals Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What major change did the DSM-5 (2013) make to the classification of mental disorders compared to its predecessors?

Removed any mention of culture and gender in diagnosis

Ranked disorders as present or absent without a continuum

Included more subtypes of disorders on separate axes

Introduced a dimensional approach instead of a categorical system (correct)

In the DSM-5, how are disorders viewed and rated?

Based on the presence or absence of specific criteria

By the number of cultural factors influencing them

On a continuum of severity (correct)

In terms of the number of subtypes present

What is the key focus of psychopathology?

Studying the causes of abnormal behavior in mental health disorders (correct)

Understanding genetic causes of mental health disorders

Classifying psychiatric disorders based on symptoms

Developing effective treatment plans for mental illnesses

What aspect of diagnosis does the DSM-5 take into account that its predecessors did not?

Gender related differences Signup and view all the answers

Which category is NOT included in the DSM-5 classification of mental disorders?

Learning Disabilities Signup and view all the answers

During which historical period did the 'Deinstitutionalization Movement' occur?

20th Century Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized by the inclusion of a glossary of cultural concepts of distress in the DSM-5?

Expression and recognition of symptoms of mental disorders across cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ICD and DSM in the field of psychiatry?

To provide effective classification schemes for psychiatric disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disorder does the DSM-5 NOT include in its classification?

Mood Disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT included in the definition of psychopathology?

Classification based on genetic markers Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant characteristic of mental hospital care in the 20th Century?

'Global Movement for Deinstitutionalization' Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which part of the personality mediates between the demands of the Id and the realities of the external world?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for when there is a failure/disintegration of ego defense or use of pathological mechanisms?

Psychosis Signup and view all the answers

Which psychosexual stage occurs from 6 years to puberty, according to Freud's theory?

Latency Stage Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe attaching oneself in an unreasonable or exaggerated way to some person, or arresting emotional development on a childhood or adolescent level?

Fixation Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the personality is considered the source of instinctual drives based on Freud's theory?

Id Signup and view all the answers

What term does Freud use for an overuse of immature or neurotic ego defense mechanisms?

Neurotism Signup and view all the answers

In the DSM-5, which factor influenced the recognition and expression of symptoms of mental disorders?

Cultural factors Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect was NOT considered as part of the categorical classification system in the DSM-III, IV & IV-TR?

Personality Disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Behavior Therapy?

Changing specific behaviors and emotional responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is derived from the principles of extinction in classical conditioning?

Prolonged exposure therapy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

Modulating emotions by restructuring negative thoughts. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of measurable outcomes?

Behavioral perspective. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key principle behind teaching skills to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities using operant conditioning?

Changing specific behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mental health conditions, what predisposes a person to develop such conditions according to the Cognitive Behavioral Perspective?

Negative emotions lead to maladaptive thoughts. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of abnormalities associated with malfunctions and disorders, such as Down syndrome, can be linked to genetic vulnerabilities?

Abnormalities in the number of chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

In the context of genetic vulnerabilities, what do abnormalities in some genes on chromosomes and naturally occurring variations of genes refer to?

Gene polymorphisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a person's observable characteristics as a result of the interaction between genotype and environment?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What role do myelin and oligodendrocyte-related genes play in schizophrenia?

These genes are important for myelin sheath formation Signup and view all the answers

What essential concept underscores that genetic factors alone do not fully determine the development of mental disorders?

Genotype-Environment Interaction Signup and view all the answers

What neuropsychiatric disorder has been associated with Streptococcus and is discussed in the text?

Tourette's Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'nosology' refer to in the context of psychopathology?

Effective classification schemes Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's theory, which part of the personality mediates between the demands of the Id and the realities of the external world?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of applying the Biopsychosocial Approach in understanding psychiatric disorders?

To understand disorders from multiple perspectives Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disorders can be treated by Behavior Therapy?

Phobias Signup and view all the answers

Which principles did the training methods used for teaching skills to persons with intellectual disabilities derived from?

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between Nonshared environmental influences and Shared environmental influences?

Nonshared environmental influences involve twins experiencing different environments, while Shared environmental influences involve twins experiencing the same environment. Signup and view all the answers

What neuroanatomical region is associated with dysregulation in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Basal Ganglia Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter imbalance can result in depression, sleeping or eating disorder?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of having a stroke at the frontal region of the brain according to the text?

Personality changes Signup and view all the answers

Which psychiatric condition is associated with decreased grey matter volume according to research?

Schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of neurotransmitter & hormone imbalances in influencing behavior according to the text?

Causing abnormal behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does the social perspective in the text primarily focus on?

Understanding how environmental factors influence mental health Signup and view all the answers

What is a protective factor in mental health?

Influences that modify a person's response, building resilience against mental health problems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes resilience?

Resilience allows successful adaptation to very difficult circumstances Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration in cultural perspectives regarding psychiatric conditions?

Ideas about normal and abnormal differ across different cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between protective factors and resilience, according to the text?

Protective factors modify a person's response, while resilience refers to successful adaptation Signup and view all the answers

How do social and cultural perspectives influence mental health programs, as mentioned in the text?

They guide in improving social conditions and understanding cultural differences in mental health Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DSM-5 Classification Changes

DSM-5 restructured mental disorder classification, merging previously separate categories into broader categories.
Disorders are viewed and rated on a continuum from normal to severe rather than as discrete categories.

Key Focus of Psychopathology

The primary focus is on understanding mental disorders' nature, causes, and impacts on functioning.

Diagnostic Aspects in DSM-5

DSM-5 incorporates cultural and environmental factors into diagnoses, emphasizing the importance of context.

Exclusions in DSM-5

The category of "paraphilias" as distinct from sexual dysfunctions is not included in DSM-5’s classification.

Historical Context

The 'Deinstitutionalization Movement' primarily occurred during the mid-20th century, marking a shift from large psychiatric hospitals to community-based treatment.

Cultural Concepts of Distress

Inclusion of a glossary emphasizes cultural understanding and sensitivity in diagnosing and treating mental health disorders.

Purpose of ICD and DSM

Both serve to standardize diagnoses across settings, ensuring consistent communication and treatment in psychiatry.

Types of Disorders Excluded from DSM-5

Disorders solely based on sexual orientation or preferences are not classified within DSM-5.

Definition of Psychopathology

Psychopathology does not include socially deviant or culturally specific behaviors unless they cause dysfunction or distress.

Mental Hospital Care in the 20th Century

Care in mental hospitals was characterized by large populations and often inhumane practices, leading to the push for reform.

Freud's Personality Structure

The Ego mediates between the Id's demands and the realities of the external world.

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Failure of ego defenses is known as "ego disintegration," leading to maladaptive behaviors.

Freud’s Psychosexual Development

The Latency Stage occurs from ages 6 to puberty, focusing on social interactions and skill development.

Emotional Attachment Term

"Transference" describes an attachment that is excessive or emotionally anchored in childhood or adolescent stages.

Source of Instinctual Drives

According to Freud, the Id is the source of instinctual drives and desires.

Immature Defense Mechanisms

Overuse of immature defenses is referred to as "regression," leading to maladaptive functioning.

Symptoms Recognition in DSM-5

Socio-cultural factors significantly influence symptoms recognition and expression in DSM-5.

Categorical Classification System

DSM-III, IV & IV-TR did not consider the emotional context of symptoms as part of their classification system.

Focus of Behavior Therapy

Behavior Therapy primarily aims to change maladaptive behaviors through reinforcement and conditioning techniques.

Extinction Technique

Systematic desensitization is derived from extinction principles in classical conditioning, used to reduce anxiety responses.

Goal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

The main goal of CBT is to alter negative thought patterns that contribute to emotional distress.

Emphasis on Measurable Outcomes

The scientific approach in psychology emphasizes measurable outcomes to assess effectiveness in treatment.

Teaching Skills with Operant Conditioning

Teaching skills using operant conditioning focuses on reinforcing desired behaviors to promote learning.

Cognitive Behavioral Perspective

According to this perspective, cognitive distortions predispose individuals to develop mental health conditions.

Genetic Vulnerabilities and Abnormalities

Genetic vulnerabilities are linked to chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome.

Gene Variations

Abnormalities and variations in genes refer to their influence on mental health and predisposition to disorders.

Observable Characteristics

Phenotype describes a person’s observable traits resultant from genotype-environment interaction.

Myelin and Schizophrenia

Myelin and oligodendrocyte-related genes are linked to the pathology of schizophrenia, affecting neural connectivity.

Genetic Factors and Mental Disorders

Genetic factors alone do not determine the development of mental disorders, highlighting the importance of environmental influences.

Streptococcus and Neuropsychiatric Disorders

A connection has been made between Streptococcus infections and the development of certain neuropsychiatric disorders.

Nosology in Psychopathology

Nosology refers to the classification and categorization of mental disorders within the field of psychopathology.

Biopsychosocial Approach Purpose

This approach serves to consider biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and treating psychiatric disorders.

Behavior Therapy Facilitation

Behavior Therapy can effectively treat anxiety disorders, phobias, and certain mood disorders.

Teaching Method Principles

Training methods for individuals with intellectual disabilities are based on principles of behavior modification and reinforcement.

Environmental Influences

Nonshared environmental influences differ from shared influences as they uniquely affect individual development and risk.

Neuroanatomical Regions in OCD

Dysregulation in the orbitofrontal cortex is often involved in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

Neurotransmitter Imbalances

Imbalances in neurotransmitters such as serotonin are commonly linked to depression and eating disorders.

Frontal Stroke Impact

A stroke in the frontal region can lead to changes in personality and executive functions.

Psychiatric Conditions and Grey Matter

Schizophrenia is associated with decreased grey matter volume, affecting cognitive and emotional processing.

Neurotransmitters and Behavior

Hormonal and neurotransmitter imbalances significantly influence behavior and emotional regulation.

A social perspective primarily concentrates on the influence of societal factors on mental health and disorder prevalence.

Protective Factors in Mental Health

Protective factors are conditions or strengths that mitigate risks and promote resilience against mental health disorders.

Resilience Definition

Resilience describes the ability to adapt positively in the face of adversity and stress.

Cultural Perspectives in Psychiatry

Cultural considerations are vital for understanding the nuances of psychiatric conditions and appropriate treatment methods.

Difference between Protective Factors and Resilience

Protective factors are traits or conditions that help avoid mental illness, whereas resilience reflects the capacity to recover from difficulties.

Social and cultural factors shape the design and effectiveness of mental health programs, tailoring them to community needs.

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Description

Test your knowledge on identifying criteria for abnormal behavior, diagnostic classification approaches (ICD and DSM), incidence, prevalence, burden of disease, risk factors, causes, and aetiological paradigms for psychiatric disorders.