Psychopathology Concepts and Theories

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements best describes a mental disorder according to DSM-5?

  • A syndrome characterized by disturbances in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. (correct)
  • A psychotic episode that does not involve social or occupational difficulties.
  • A condition that only causes distress.
  • A common response to stress or loss.

Socially deviant behavior can be classified as a mental disorder regardless of individual dysfunction.

False (B)

What are the primary characteristics of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Persistent and excessive levels of anxiety and worry, muscle tension, sleep disturbance, restlessness, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.

Individuals can gain a sense of ___________ with others experiencing similar psychological situations.

<p>community</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a symptom of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

<p>Excessive levels of happiness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychological disorders with their descriptions:

<p>Generalized Anxiety Disorder = Excessive anxiety and worry not linked to specific stimuli Social Phobia = Significant anxiety related to social or performance situations Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder = Recurrent intrusive thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diagnostic labels can sometimes reduce confusion for individuals with psychological disorders.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one cost associated with diagnostic labels in psychology.

<p>Stigma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is associated with an internal locus of control?

<p>Takes action to control own fate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fixed abilities encourage individuals to embrace challenges and persist in their efforts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four Ds used to determine if someone has a psychological disorder?

<p>Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger</p> Signup and view all the answers

A psychological disorder can be identified by behaviors that cause significant ______.

<p>distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their corresponding definitions:

<p>Deviance = Considered unacceptable or uncommon within a society Distress = Negative feelings arising from the disorder Dysfunction = Maladaptive behavior interfering with daily life Danger = Behavior that is violent or harmful</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cultural differences in deviance is TRUE?

<p>What is viewed as unacceptable can change over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the social-cognitive theories, global traits can be effectively applied to all situations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of social-cognitive theories in psychology?

<p>To predict behavior through cognitive constructs and situational factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Locus of Control

A person’s tendency to attribute outcomes to internal factors (e.g., effort, ability) or external factors (e.g., luck, fate)

Social-Cognitive Theories

A view that emphasizes the interplay between cognitive factors, behavior, and the environment in shaping personality and behavior

Internal Locus of Control

Individuals with an internal locus of control believe they can influence their own outcomes.

External Locus of Control

Individuals with an external locus of control believe that external factors determine their outcomes.

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Psychopathology

A psychological perspective that investigates the nature, causes, and development of psychological disorders.

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Fixed Abilities Mindset

A fundamental belief that one’s abilities are fixed and unchangeable, leading to avoidance of challenges and giving up easily.

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Malleability Mindset

A fundamental belief that one’s abilities are malleable and can be improved through effort and learning.

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The Four Ds of Psychopathology

The four features used to determine what constitutes a psychological disorder: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.

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Distress without a psychological disorder

Distress that occurs without a diagnosable psychological disorder. This can include feelings of sadness, worry, or stress that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a mental health condition.

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Psychological disorder without distress

A mental health condition is present, but the individual does not experience significant distress or impairment in their daily life.

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DSM-5 Definition of Mental Disorder

The DSM-5 defines a mental disorder as a pattern of behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment in daily functioning. It must be clinically significant, meaning it's not a normal reaction to stress, and cannot be explained by cultural or societal factors.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Persistent and excessive worry that is not connected to any specific event or situation. It's accompanied by physical symptoms like muscle tension, sleep disturbances, and fatigue.

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Social Phobia

Significant anxiety triggered by social situations or performance situations. This often leads to avoidance of these situations.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A mental health disorder characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts, called obsessions, and repetitive behaviors, called compulsions. These can be time-consuming and significantly impact daily life.

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Benefits of Diagnostic Labels

Providing a diagnosis can improve treatment by allowing for targeted interventions. It also helps researchers study and understand mental health conditions better. Additionally, individuals can find a sense of community with others experiencing similar challenges.

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Costs of Diagnostic Labels

Labels can be stigmatizing, leading to negative perceptions of individuals with mental health conditions. They can also encourage the view of these conditions as fixed and unchanging, rather than complex and potentially treatable.

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Study Notes

Psychopathology

  • Social-Cognitive Theories predict people's actual behavior, using cognitive constructs like goals, values, and expectancies. Situational factors are also important, as global traits don't always apply.
  • Rotter's Locus of Control theory distinguishes between internal (healthier, more action-oriented, less anxious) and external (less healthy, less persuasive, lower self-esteem) control.
  • Dweck's concept of malleability emphasizes embracing challenges, learning from criticisms, and finding inspiration in others' successes.
  • Fixed abilities result in avoiding challenges, giving up easily, ignoring negative feedback, and being threatened by others' success.

What is Psychopathology?

  • Psychopathology is the scientific study of psychological disorders, including the disorders themselves.

  • Psychological disorders are often defined by four criteria (“the four Ds”):

    • Deviance: Behavior considered unacceptable or unusual within a specific society.
    • Distress: Negative feelings (for the self or others), caused by the disorder.
    • Dysfunction: Maladaptive behavior interfering with daily life.
    • Danger: Behavior that is dangerous or violent, directed towards others or oneself.

  • DSM-5 defines mental disorders as syndromes characterized by significant disturbances in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior, reflecting dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes. Mental disorders usually create distress or disability for the person (often in social, occupational, or other important areas). Expected responses to major life stressors aren't considered to be disorders.

Diagnostic Labels

  • Diagnostic labels (like Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Social Phobia, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) can help with treatment and research. They provide a framework but can sometimes reduce understanding of how varied these disorders can be and the overlapping features.

Costs and Benefits of Diagnosis

  • Diagnosis can be helpful to individuals (and their families) as it can provide a sense of community with those sharing similar struggles/experiences.
  • However, diagnostic labels may create stigma, affecting how individuals are perceived and impacting their self-perception and relationships with others.

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