Psychometrics: Reliability and Validity
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Questions and Answers

What does the standard error of estimate primarily indicate?

  • The accuracy of a test's claims about its measurement.
  • The variability of scores on a test.
  • The dispersion of error in the distribution. (correct)
  • The precision of a test in predicting a specific outcome.

    • Which statement best defines the standard error of measurement?

  • The expected correlation of the test when compared to other test with comparable constructs.
  • The consistency of test scores across different administrations.
  • The variability of true scores around the observed score. (correct)
  • The distance between an individual's observed score and their true score.

    • Which process is key for establishing test-retest reliability?

  • Comparing test results with a relevant criterion measure.
  • Assessing the test's face validity.
  • Evaluating convergent validity with related measures.
  • Administering the same test to the same individuals on two occasions, and then calculating the correlation. (correct)

    • What is the most accurate description of what a test represents?

    <p>A process of observing behavior in a regularized manner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the study guide, which of these options is NOT considered a type of test?

    <p>Non-standardized test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the names of the levels defining Test Purchaser competencies?

    <p>Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A test that assesses whether a measure assesses the theory that it claims to represent is called...

    <p>Construct validity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a test's results correlate strongly with other similar tests, what kind of validity is this measuring?

    <p>Convergent validity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for a test to have content validity?

    <p>The test adequately represents the domain of interest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a test does not correlate with measures of unrelated constructs, what type of validity does it demonstrate?

    <p>Discriminant validity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which validity type assesses whether a test looks like it measures what it should?

    <p>Face validity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a source of measurement error?

    <p>The testing situation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20) formula?

    <p>To estimate the internal consistency reliability of a test. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Spearman-Brown formula?

    <p>To estimate the impact on reliability of shortening or lengthening a test. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychometrics, what does Item Response Theory (IRT) focus on?

    <p>Analyzing test items in relation to an individual's ability level. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Item Response Theory (IRT) differ from classical test theory (CTT)?

    <p>IRT considers item-latent trait relationship, while CTT considers total score. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the psychometric term 'norm' referring to?

    <p>Data or scores against which an individual's score is compared. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a norm-referenced test?

    <p>A test that compares scores to a norm group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a criterion-based test measure?

    <p>An individual's performance against a set standard. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core idea behind the domain sampling model?

    <p>Test items are sampled from a range of possible items. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of measurement error?

    <p>Test-retest reliability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reliability type would be assessed with test-retest methods?

    <p>Consistency across administrations over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does parallel forms reliability assess?

    <p>The consistency of two versions of a test measuring the same construct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between standard error of estimate and standard error of measurement?

    <p>The standard error of estimate is used in regression, while the standard error of measurement is used in individual test interpretation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher is testing the reliability of a new personality inventory. If they administer the inventory once and then, two weeks later, administer it again to the same group of individuals and finds a high positive correlation between the two sets of scores, which method of establishing reliability is being demonstrated?

    <p>Test-retest reliability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A test is developed to measure a person's level of introversion. It correlates positively with similar measures of introversion, but does not significantly correlate or has a small correlation with an unrelated measure of verbal reasoning. This pattern of correlations provides evidence for what types of validity?

    <p>Convergent and discriminant validity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A test developer wants to know if all of the items in their new test assess the same construct. Which method would best measure this?

    <p>KR-20 or Cronbach's alpha (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A graduate admissions test aims to predict student success in their program. This is an example of which type of validity?

    <p>Predictive validity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Standard Error of Estimate

    The standard error of estimate is a measure of how accurate test scores are at predicting a criterion.

    Standard Error of Measurement

    The standard error of measurement is the standard deviation of observed scores around the true score.

    Test-retest Reliability

    Test-retest reliability is a method of establishing reliability by administering the same test twice to the same group of individuals and then calculating a correlation coefficient between the scores

    What is a Test?

    A test is a standardized procedure for observing behavior.

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    Types of Tests

    Norm-referenced tests compare a person's performance to a group, while criterion-referenced tests assess mastery of specific skills.

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    Construct Validity

    Construct validity assesses whether a test measures the intended theoretical construct.

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    Convergent Validity

    Convergent validity refers to the extent to which a test correlates with other measures of the same construct.

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    Concurrent Validity

    Concurrent validity refers to how well a test correlates with a criterion measure that is obtained at the same time.

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    Content Validity

    The degree to which test content aligns with the subject matter it's designed to assess.

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    Predictive Validity

    The extent to which a test predicts future performance on a related criterion.

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    Discriminant Validity

    The extent to which a test measures a specific construct and not other unrelated constructs.

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    Face Validity

    The degree to which a test appears to measure what it is intended to measure.

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    Face Validity

    A subjective assessment of whether a test appears to measure what it is supposed to.

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    Measurement Error

    Any factor that contributes to error in measurement.

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    Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20)

    A statistical formula used to estimate the internal consistency reliability of a test.

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    Spearman-Brown Formula

    A formula used to estimate the impact on reliability of shortening or lengthening a test.

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    Item Response Theory (IRT)

    A framework for analyzing test items and how they relate to a test-taker's ability level.

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    Norms

    Data or scores against which an individual's score is compared.

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    Norm-Referenced Test

    A test that compares an individual's score to the scores of a norm group.

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    Criterion-Referenced Test

    A test that compares an individual's score to an established standard of performance.

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    Domain Sampling Model

    A framework that assumes test items are sampled from a larger domain of possible items.

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    Reliability Methods

    Test-retest, parallel forms, split-half, and internal consistency methods evaluate the stability and consistency of a test.

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    Study Notes

    Test Reliability and Validity

    • Standard Error of Estimate: An estimate of the variability of a score on a test.
    • Standard Error of Measurement: The standard deviation of observed scores around the true score.
    • Test Reliability: The consistency of scores over multiple administrations or by different versions of the test. Established by administering the same test twice to the same group and correlating the scores.
    • Test: A standardized procedure for observing behavior (key word: standardized).
    • Types of Tests: Norm-referenced, criterion-based, standardized, non-standardized, multiple-choice, essay.

    Test Validity

    • Construct Validity: Assesses if a test measures the intended theoretical construct.
    • Convergent Validity: Extent a test correlates with other measures of the same construct.
    • Discriminant Validity: Extent a test does not correlate with measures of unrelated constructs.
    • Criterion Validity: Extent a test predicts an outcome or correlates with a criterion measure (obtained at the same time is called concurrent validity).
    • Face Validity: Subjective assessment of whether a test appears to measure what it's supposed to.
    • Content Validity: Assesses if the test content represents the content domain it's intended to measure.
    • Sources of Measurement Error: The testing situation, test taker variables, and item selection.

    Reliability Methods

    • Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20): Estimates a test's internal consistency reliability.
    • Spearman-Brown formula: Estimates reliability implications of test length changes.
    • Item Response Theory (IRT): Analyzes test items in relation to test-taker ability. IRT differs from classical test theory in that it focuses on the relationship between individual items and the latent trait, as opposed to the classical approach that focuses on the total test score.
    • Test-Retest Reliability: Assess the consistency of scores over time.
    • Parallel Forms Reliability: Consistency between different versions of the same test.
    • Split-Half Reliability: Measures consistency by splitting a test into halves and correlating the results.
    • Cronbach's Alpha: Measures internal consistency reliability.
    • Item Analysis: Reviews each item's statistical properties and contribution to the test. Analyzes item difficulty and discrimination.

    Test Scores and Norms

    • Norm: Scores or data against which an individual's score is compared.
    • Norm-Referenced Test: Compares an individual's score to a norm group.
    • Criterion-Referenced Test: Compares an individual's score to an established standard of performance.
    • Domain Sampling Model: Test items are sampled from a larger domain of possible items.

    Additional Points

    • Item Difficulty: Proportion of test takers answering an item correctly.
    • Item Discrimination: How well an item differentiates between high and low scorers.
    • Types of Scales: Different measurement scales used in tests.
    • Types of Norms: Different methods for establishing norms (e.g., norm-referenced, criterion-based).
    • Test Score Theory and Domain Sampling Model: These concepts are part of test score theory and explain how test items are selected and what that means for the results.
    • Sources of Error: Sources of error in test scores are covered and include the testing situation, test taker variables, and item selection.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts in psychometrics, focusing on the reliability and validity of tests. Learn about various types of test measurements, including standard error and different forms of validity. Assess your understanding of these critical topics related to standardized testing.

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