Psychometrics and Psychological Assessment

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a crucial step in effective test planning?

  • Evaluating the reliability and validity of the test items (correct)
  • Defining the purpose and constructs to be measured
  • Determining the specific format and scoring methods for the test
  • Identifying the target population and their demographics

Which test type primarily focuses on assessing an individual's ability to recall and explain factual information?

  • Knowledge Test (correct)
  • Achievement Test
  • Intelligence Test
  • Personality Inventory

Which of the following is a potential drawback of using a True/False question format in a test?

  • It requires extensive time to create a large number of items
  • It may not be suitable for assessing complex cognitive skills
  • It is difficult to ensure the reliability and validity of the items
  • It is prone to students guessing the correct answer (correct)

What is the primary purpose of a "pilot study" in test development?

<p>To refine the test items, scoring methods, and overall usability of the test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to test administration emphasizes ensuring standardized and controlled conditions to minimize bias?

<p>Formal Assessment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a "table of specifications" when creating a test?

<p>To organize and structure the test items based on cognitive domains and content areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary advantage of using "constructed-response" question formats (e.g., essays and short-answer questions)?

<p>They can assess more complex cognitive skills and provide evidence of understanding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When constructing test items, it is important to ensure they are: (Select all that apply)

<p>Free from grammatical errors (A), Consistent with the learning objectives (B), Clear and concise (C), Relevant to the target population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical consideration when sequencing questions on a test?

<p>Randomly ordering questions to reduce bias. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for securing test materials and verifying identities before a test?

<p>To minimize opportunities for cheating and bias. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor during test administration is most likely to be influenced by the examiner's skill and demeanor?

<p>The examinee's level of anxiety. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key principle underlying performance testing?

<p>Directly measuring practical skill application in task(s). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might oral tests be perceived as less rigorous than written tests?

<p>They tend to have smaller sample sizes and take longer to conduct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT directly linked to the examiner's responsibilities before a test?

<p>Informing participants how and when they will get results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST important reason for strict adherence to standardized testing instructions during test administration?

<p>To maintain uniformity and validity of test results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for an examiner to address examinee questions after a test?

<p>To promote transparency and clarify any confusion about the testing process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of adaptive testing?

<p>It tailors test items based on previous responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method improves objectivity in scoring essay tests?

<p>Anonymizing examinee names. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is NOT recommended for effective test administration?

<p>Encouraging questions during the test. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scoring technique is commonly used for objective tests?

<p>Weighted scoring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cajori Method focus on in grading?

<p>Relative performance among examinees. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a disadvantage of adaptive testing?

<p>High initial costs and maintenance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is recommended to ensure fairness in oral tests?

<p>Using predetermined scoring criteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary purpose of item analysis in testing?

<p>Refining test items for effectiveness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Conducive Testing Environment

Ensuring an appropriate and comfortable environment for test takers, including factors like noise level, temperature, and distractions.

Informed Consent

The process of obtaining explicit permission from test takers, especially minors, to participate in the test.

Standardized Instructions

Ensuring that test instructions are followed precisely by the examiner and test takers, maintaining consistency and reducing bias.

Establishing Rapport

The examiner's role in establishing a positive and comfortable relationship with the test takers to reduce anxiety and promote cooperation.

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Minimizing Cheating and Bias

Strategies implemented to safeguard test materials and prevent cheating, such as securing materials and verifying identities.

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Addressing Examinee Questions

Addressing any questions or concerns from test takers after the test to ensure transparency and clarity, promoting trust.

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Secure Test Materials

The examiner's duty of collecting and securely storing all test materials after the test.

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Inform Participants About Results

Providing test takers with clear information about when and how they can expect to receive their test results.

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What is Adaptive Testing?

A type of test where items are adjusted based on previous answers. This makes testing more accurate and efficient.

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What is Immediate Scoring?

Testing where questions are scored immediately after submission. This allows for faster results and a better understanding of test difficulty.

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What is Item Analysis?

A testing method that involves analyzing how well test items perform. This ensures test effectiveness and reliability.

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How are Item Distractors Analyzed?

A technique used in item analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of distractors in multiple choice questions.

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What is Item Response Theory (IRT)?

A method used in item analysis to determine if a question effectively measures a particular skill or knowledge area.

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What is the Traditional Method of Grading?

A method used to score tests where points are assigned based on a predetermined scale, not on relative performance.

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What is a Scoring Rubric?

A method of grading that uses a scoring rubric to evaluate each answer independently. This reduces bias and ensures objectivity.

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What is the Cajori Method?

A type of bias that occurs when a test is scored according to a previously established relative performance. It involves comparing scores to a standard to determine a grade or ranking.

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Purpose (Test Planning)

Defining the specific traits, skills, or knowledge that a test aims to measure. This ensures the test accurately reflects what it intends to assess.

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Population (Test Planning)

Identifying the target group for the test, considering factors like age, education, or specific professions. This helps ensure the test is relevant and unbiased.

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Administration (Test Planning)

Creating a controlled environment that ensures all test-takers face the same conditions. This promotes fairness and eliminates potential advantages or disadvantages.

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Scoring & Results (Test Planning)

Planning how test answers will be scored and interpreted, ensuring objective and meaningful results. The scoring system should be clear, consistent, and useful.

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Screening Test

A test that helps determine if someone is suitable for a particular job by assessing their skills and abilities related to specific job tasks.

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Intelligence Test

Tests that aim to measure an individual's overall cognitive abilities, often encompassing areas like verbal reasoning, spatial awareness, and problem-solving.

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Personality Inventory

Tests that explore an individual's personality traits, such as their level of extraversion, conscientiousness, or emotional stability. They can use different approaches like theoretical models or empirical data.

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Achievement Test

Tests designed to assess an individual's knowledge or skills in a specific subject area, often used to measure learning outcomes and academic progress.

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Study Notes

Psychometrics and Psychological Assessment: Historical and Professional Matters

  • Introduction to Psychometrics and Psychological Assessment
  • Purpose of the course: The course familiarizes students with statistical concepts for test creation and evaluation, the evaluation and critique of psychological assessments, understanding test reliability and validity, and introducing alternative assessment methods.
  • Key Texts: Psychological Testing (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997), Handbook of Psychological Assessment (Groth-Marnat, 1990), Psychological Testing and Assessment (Aiken & Groth-Marnat, 2006), Essentials of Psychological Testing (Cronbach, 1990).

Historical Overview

  • Ancient Contributions:
    • China (4200 years ago) - Civil service exams assessed officials' skills including music, archery, arithmetic and ceremonies.
    • Philosophers (Plato, Aristotle) - Discussed individual differences in abilities and temperament (~2500 years ago).
  • Middle Ages - Rigid social class systems limited individual exploration.
  • Renaissance (16th Century) - Focus shifted to individual creativity and expression.
  • 19th Century:
    • Introduction of scientific methods to study individual differences.
    • Darwin's Theory of Evolution - Natural selection influenced views on intelligence and personality traits.

Notable Figures in Psychometrics

  • Francis Galton (1822-1911):
    • Pioneer in modern psychometrics.
    • Introduced objective testing.
    • Developed correlation techniques and designed tools like the Galton whistle.
    • Advocated for the controversial eugenics movement.
  • James Cattell (1860-1944):
    • Coined the term "mental test."
    • Focused on reaction times and sensory discrimination.
  • Clark Wissler (1870-1947):
    • Conducted early research on validity.
    • Found no correlation between Cattell's intelligence tests and academic achievement.
    • Advocated environmental perspectives in intelligence.
  • Alfred Binet (1857-1911):
    • Created the Binet-Simon Scale (1905), the first modern intelligence test.
    • Focused on practical and real-world applications.
    • Developed the concept of chronological age and introduced ideas that evolved into IQ testing.
  • Lewis Terman (1916):
    • Revised the Binet Scale to create the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
    • Introduced the IQ concept: IQ=(mental age/chronological age) * 100.
  • Robert Yerkes (1919):
    • Developed group tests (Alpha and Beta) for US Army recruits.

Non-Scientific Approaches to Individual Differences

  • Astrology: Using planetary positions to infer personality traits
  • Physiognomy: Assessing personality based on physical appearance
  • Graphology: Handwriting as a reflection of personality
  • Phrenology: Skull shapes linked to mental faculties and behavior

Test Classifications

  • Standardized vs. Non-Standardized
  • Individual vs. Group tests
  • Objective vs. Non-objective tests
  • Verbal vs. Non-verbal tests
  • Cognitive vs. Affective tests

Applications of Psychometric Tests

  • Business: Recruitment, training, promotions
  • Education: Screening and guiding students
  • Counseling: Vocational and personal guidance
  • Clinical settings: Diagnosing conditions, treatment planning
  • Legal: Competency evaluations, assessing psychological impacts
  • Research: Academic studies and corporate insights

Learning Objectives (Lecture 2 - Test Design and Construction)

  • Understand factors considered when designing tests (fairness, difficulty, discrimination).
  • Differentiate educational objectives for organizing test items.
  • Explore types of test items and their advantages/disadvantages.
  • Learn strategies for assembling and reproducing tests.
  • Evaluate oral and performance testing approaches.

Steps in Test Planning

  • Purpose: Define constructs to measure; ensure validity and reliability
  • Population: Avoid biases; define demographic details
  • Administration: Ensure consistent and fair testing conditions
  • Scoring & Results: Plan interpretation; ensure objectivity and utility

Specific Types of Tests

  • Screening Tests: Analyze job-related tasks and competencies using job/task analysis; use sampling to represent key aspects.
  • Intelligence Tests: Assemble items based on theoretical or task-based approaches (eg WAIS, Stanford-Binet).

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