Psychology Chapter 9: Memory

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for improving sleep quality?

Sleeping in complete darkness

Exercising in the morning

Going to bed at different times each night (correct)

Avoiding caffeine after 2-4 pm

What distinguishes human language as species specific compared to other species?

The use of gestures for communication

The complexity and creativity in grammar (correct)

The use of sounds for warning signals

The ability to convey emotions

In the context of natural language, what does the term 'arbitrary' imply?

Words have clear and direct meanings

Connections between words and their meanings are random (correct)

Language changes based on cultural context

Sound patterns uniformly represent meanings

Which of the following phenomena illustrates the ability of listeners to 'fill in' missing sounds in speech?

Phonemic restoration effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of semantics in the study of language?

The meaning of words and sentences Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of natural language allows for the creation of new sentences never constructed before?

Generative capacity Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of language governs how words and phrases are arranged to form grammatically correct sentences?

Syntax Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of sleep deprivation?

Decreased ability to concentrate and think clearly Signup and view all the answers

Which dyslexia involves difficulty with the appearance of language?

Surface dyslexia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary language area in the brain where less activity is observed in individuals with dyslexia compared to fluent readers?

Wernicke's area Signup and view all the answers

In which hemisphere is language predominantly located for 92% of right-handed people?

Left hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the severing of the corpus callosum have on split-brain patients?

Limits verbal recognition from objects in the left visual field Signup and view all the answers

What does Noam Chomsky argue regarding language acquisition?

Language acquisition is a universal phenomenon supported by an innate ability Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is larger in the left hemisphere and may be associated with language fluency?

Planum temporale Signup and view all the answers

Which type of evidence helps children understand what grammatical sequences do not work in their language?

Indirect negative evidence Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is more prominent in the right hemisphere compared to the left hemisphere?

Spatial abilities Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aphasia is characterized by difficulties in forming words and sentences while understanding language is largely intact?

Broca’s aphasia Signup and view all the answers

What role does the arcuate fasciculus play in language processing?

It connects Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Wernicke’s aphasia?

Fluent but nonsensical speech Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Broca’s area in the language processing model?

To organize speech production Signup and view all the answers

In language processing, what is the function of the angular gyrus?

To convert visual information into sounds and meanings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding anomia?

It refers to difficulty in word recall. Signup and view all the answers

How does semantics contribute to language comprehension?

By including understanding of word meanings and combinations Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best describes pragmatics in the context of language?

The use of language in social contexts Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 9: Memory

Memory is the process of retaining, retrieving, and using information.
Atkinson and Shiffrin's 3-store model (1968) proposes sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Information flows from input to sensory memory to attention to working memory.
Sensory memory briefly stores sensory information for a fraction of a second.
Short-term memory actively processes information from sensory memory. It can be manipulated for tasks like problem-solving and reasoning.
Long-term memory stores information indefinitely after rehearsal or deep encoding.
Working memory, proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974), is a "workbench" for manipulating information in short-term memory. Used in complex tasks like comprehension, learning, and reasoning.
Working memory components include the phonological loop (phonological store and articulatory rehearsal), and the visuospatial sketchpad (visual imagery).
Capacity of short-term memory is 5-9 items (Miller, 1956). Digit span and word list tasks are used to assess working memory capacity.
Change detection tasks involve showing visual displays and asking participants to identify changes.

Chapter 10: Sleep

Sleep is an active state of consciousness with distinct stages.
Sleep stages are measured by EEG waves.
Wakefulness is characterized by alpha and beta activity.
Stages of sleep progress from theta activity (stage 1), to sleep spindles and K-complexes (stage 2), to delta activity (stages 3 and 4 - slow-wave sleep), and lastly REM sleep (rapid eye movement).
Each sleep cycle (approximately 90 minutes) repeats multiple times and includes all stages.
Neural networks within the hypothalamus (VLPO, locus coeruleus, raphe nucleus, and tuberomammillary nucleus) promote sleep-wake cycles.
These networks are mutually inhibitory, regulating transitions between sleep and wakefulness.
REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements, muscle paralysis, and brain wave patterns similar to wakefulness.
Neurogenesis and long-term potentiation (LTP)/long-term depression (LTD) are important for memory consolidation during sleep.

Chapter 11: Language

Language is characterized as generative (creative), regular (structured), arbitrary (no inherent connection between form and meaning), referential (meaningful), species universal, and species-specific.
Language's generative quality allows for the creation of novel sentences and phrases.
Language has a regular and structured arrangement of words and sounds.
Connection between a word's form and meaning is arbitrary.
Language is used to refer to objects, actions, ideas, and experiences (even past and future ones).
Components of language include phonemes (smallest unit of sound), morphology (smallest unit of meaning), syntax (rules governing sentence structure), semantics (meaning of language), pragmatics (use of language in social contexts)

Chapter 12: Decision-Making

Behavioral economics combines psychology and economics to understand how people make decisions. Traditional models assume humans make decisions based on rational self-interest, but behavioral economics suggests many biases and irrationalities.
Humans often value losses more than equivalent gains (loss aversion). They might exhibit risk aversion or risk-seeking behavior depending on the context.
Rational choice theory assumes logical decision-making that maximizes personal utility.
Prospect theory accounts for people's biased evaluation of gains and losses. Framing and presentation of information significantly impacts decision-making.
Delay discounting is the tendency to devalue future gains relative to immediate ones, influenced by the limbic and prefrontal cortex.

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Explore the intricate processes of memory with this quiz based on Chapter 9. Learn about Atkinson and Shiffrin's 3-store model, the roles of sensory, working, and long-term memory, and the components of working memory as proposed by Baddeley and Hitch. Test your understanding and retention of key memory concepts!