Psychology Week 1

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which term describes the perception of groups that are seen as both inferior and foreign?

Subgrouping

Double Jeopardy (correct)

Subtyping

Intersectionality

What stereotype is associated with groups that are perceived as low warmth and low competence?

Contempt (correct)

Pity

Admiration

Envy

How do subtypes help in the reinforcement of stereotypes?

By grouping individuals based on stereotype match or mismatch (correct)

By eliminating stereotypes altogether

By acknowledging within-group diversity

By expanding group categories to include more identities

Which group is most likely to experience the perception of 'perpetual foreigner syndrome'?

Asians Signup and view all the answers

What effect does subgrouping have on stereotypes compared to subtyping?

Weakens stereotypes by showcasing diversity within groups Signup and view all the answers

What does Intersectional Invisibility refer to?

The neglect of individuals with multiple subordinate identities Signup and view all the answers

Which concept relates to imagining the generic person as male?

Androcentrism Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by intersectionality in the context of discrimination?

The overlap of different identities that creates unique discrimination experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the intersectionality prototypicality model as discussed by Wong & McCullough?

Intersectional identities can lead to both hyper and hypo prototypicality Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding in the study by Walzer & Czopp regarding Black subgroups?

Black subgroups are regarded as talented but not intelligent or warm Signup and view all the answers

What is one way researchers measure implicit bias?

The Implicit Association Test that evaluates unconscious biases. Signup and view all the answers

How does race function according to the concepts discussed?

Race is a social construct influencing power structures Signup and view all the answers

Which research strategy is most appropriate for examining changes in attitudes over a long period?

Longitudinal studies observing the same subjects over time. Signup and view all the answers

What do positive stereotypes about Black subgroups portray?

High competence-talent but low warmth and intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'social categorization' refer to?

The process of grouping individuals based on observable traits. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes unearned advantages conferred by dominant group membership?

Group privilege Signup and view all the answers

What does prototypicality influence in social categorization?

The extent to which someone’s features match typical group traits. Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural influences shape biases and attitudes?

Often without conscious awareness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines prejudice?

Negative attitudes or feelings toward members of a social group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between discrimination and prejudice?

Prejudice is a social attitude, while discrimination is an action or behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following categories is NOT considered a primary dimension for bias?

Personality Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'stigma' refer to in the context of social groups?

Socially-shared negativity toward a group. Signup and view all the answers

In research methods, what do correlational studies primarily examine?

Relationships between variables without inferring causation. Signup and view all the answers

What assumption does the psychological approach for analyzing social phenomena typically make?

Psychological mechanisms are universal and can be measured empirically. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the concept of race is accurate?

Race is a social category that does not correspond to genetic differences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ABC model in psychology?

Affect, behavior, and cognition. Signup and view all the answers

What best defines an independent variable in an experimental study?

The variable that is manipulated to observe its effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of random assignment in experiments?

It reduces the influence of pre-existing biases among groups Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of correlational designs?

They do not imply causation between variables Signup and view all the answers

Which concept explains the phenomenon where individuals perceive an undeserved outcome due to social prejudices?

Attributional ambiguity Signup and view all the answers

Which principle explains why people often view members of other groups as more similar to each other?

Outgroup homogeneity effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an operational definition in research?

To describe how a concept is measured or manipulated Signup and view all the answers

In the context of stereotype content model, what does the dimension of warmth predict?

Active behavior like harm Signup and view all the answers

What kind of study design involves tracking changes over time?

Longitudinal study Signup and view all the answers

What does the p-value represent in statistical analysis?

The probability of observing results assuming no true association Signup and view all the answers

Which group received more resume callbacks according to Bertrand & Mullainathan (2003)?

White names Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of disparate impacts in social research?

Worse outcomes for one group compared to another Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon explains why negative behaviors are often more memorable than positive ones?

Negativity bias Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of experiencing positive emotions in relation to the cross-race effect?

It eliminates the cross-race identification challenge Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Week 1

Levels of analysis include individual, internalized, interpersonal, and encompass psychological approaches using empirical, quantitative methods, assuming universal principles.
Psychological constructs are defined by Affect (feelings), Behavior (actions), and Cognition (thoughts).
Prejudice involves negative attitudes towards social groups, contrasted with stigma (culturally shared negativity towards a group) and discrimination (unfair treatment based on group membership).
Stereotyping represents assumptions about individuals within groups. Group membership is often a basis for prejudice and discrimination.
Race is classified, but not biologically determined (Long & Kittles 2009). Defining race changes over time and may be based on laws regarding race.
Gender and age are social categories that are recognized differently across cultures and time periods. Research focuses on their effects on bias and discrimination.
Research investigates causes, reduction, and persistence of prejudice and discrimination. (Correlational Studies, Experimental Studies, Longitudinal Studies). These studies utilize variables (concepts that change in a study).

Week 2

Social categories affect how individuals interact and understand others, simplified through group membership.
The minimal group paradigm demonstrates how easily ingroups and outgroups are created, even without direct interaction.
Research shows biases towards ingroups (favoring one's group) and outgroup (seeing other groups as homogenous) and how these lead to different attitudes.
Outgroup homogeneity effect is the tendency to view members of out-groups as similar to each other.
Stereotypical perceptions often oversimplify, and underestimate differences in outgroups.
Cross-race bias is the poorer ability to remember or identify faces of outgroups when compared to ingroups.

General

Disparate impacts mean different outcomes for various groups.
Correlation studies find relationships between variables.
P-values indicate the probability that results occurred by chance.
Self-report methods involve participants providing information themselves.
Manipulation of prejudice involves manipulating target's social identity to examine effects on attitudes.
Attributional ambiguity involves uncertainty about the causes of outcomes, particularly in the context of social prejudice.
Stereotype content models categorize stereotypes based on dimensions like warmth and competence (Fiske, Cuddy, Xu 2002).
Intersectionality, relating to multiple social identities, can lead to compounded disadvantages, such as discrimination, and hyper-prototypicality or hypo-prototypicality based on overlapping identities.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the foundational concepts of psychology in Week 1, including levels of analysis, psychological constructs, and the nature of prejudice and discrimination. This quiz delves into how race, gender, and age are social categories that influence bias and societal treatment. Understanding these factors is crucial for comprehending psychological phenomena.