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Questions and Answers
Who is often considered the first psychologist?
What was the main focus of William James' approach to psychology?
What was the primary method used by Wilhelm Wundt to understand consciousness?
What was the focus of John B. Watson's approach to psychology?
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What was the main characteristic of Gestalt psychology?
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Which of the following psychologists did not focus on the adaptation of organisms to their environment?
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What was the primary goal of Wilhelm Wundt's use of introspection?
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Which of the following approaches to psychology was a reaction to the determinism of behaviorism?
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What was the primary focus of John B. Watson's approach to psychology?
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Which of the following cultures is an example of a non-WEIRD culture?
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What was the primary criticism of dominant psychological theories?
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What was the primary goal of Abraham Maslow's approach to psychology?
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Which of the following approaches to psychology was short-lived due to the influence of World War II?
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What was the primary focus of Wilhelm Wundt's approach to psychology?
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Study Notes
Structuralism
- Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) is considered the first psychologist.
- He wrote "Principles of Physiological Psychology" and used introspection to understand consciousness.
- Wundt's structuralism relied on trained observers to report experiences and stimuli that always produced the same reaction.
- Reaction time was a key aspect of his structuralism approach.
Functionalism
- William James (1842-1910) accepted Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
- He believed that organisms adapt to their environment.
- James' functionalism enabled the study of the function of behaviour.
Gestalt Psychology
- Gestalt psychology emphasized the whole sensory experience, rather than individual components.
- The movement was short-lived due to the consequences of WWII.
- Gestalt psychology did not have a significant influence outside of Europe.
Behaviourism
- John B. Watson (1878-1958) focused on learned behaviour.
- He emphasized the conditioning of emotion.
- Watson's famous case study involved "Little Albert", demonstrating the power of conditioning.
Structuralism
- Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) is considered the first psychologist
- Wundt wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology
- He used introspection to understand consciousness
- Structuralism relied on trained observers to report experiences and stimuli that always produced the same reaction
- Reaction time was a key factor in this approach
Functionalism
- William James (1842-1910) accepted Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection
- He believed that organisms adapt to their environment
- Psychology enabled the study of the function of behavior
Gestalt Psychology
- Emphasized the whole sensory experience, not individual components
- The movement was short-lived due to WWII
- It didn't have a large influence outside of Europe
Behaviorism
- John B. Watson (1878-1958) focused on learned behavior
- He focused on the conditioning of emotions
- The case of Little Albert is a notable example of his work
Humanism
- Humanism rose from dissatisfaction with dominant perspectives
- It opposed the determinism of behaviorism and the pessimism of psychoanalysis
- Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) believed that behavior is motivated by human needs
- Satisfying basic needs leads to higher needs that motivate behavior
Multicultural Psychology
- Culture has a major influence on individual behavior
- Dominant psychological theories arose in WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, Democratic)
- WEIRD cultures don't generalize well to other cultures
- Indigenous psychologies are developing worldwide, including those of Australian Aboriginals, New Zealand Maori, and Canadian First Nations
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of psychology, including structuralism and functionalism, and learn about the contributions of Wilhelm Wundt and William James.
