Questions and Answers
Provide and recognize original examples of learning in which no new behaviour is acquired.
A change in behaviour that results from changing reinforcement schedules are an example of learning.
Define a schedule of reinforcement and schedule effects.
Schedules of reinforcement (SOR): the contingency between a behaviour and a reinforcement; the distinctive rules are called schedules of reinforcement. Schedule effect (SE): various schedules of reinforcement produce distinctive patterns of learning.
Define continuous reinforcement schedules and provide an original example.
Continuous reinforcement (CRF): a behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs. Example: a child is praised every time they hang up their coat.
Define a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement and provide an original example.
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Describe pre-ratio pauses and discuss Perone's (2003) explanation for them.
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Define a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement and provide an original example.
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Define a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement and provide an original example.
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Define a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement and provide an original example.
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What is an operant extinction procedure?
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What is the immediate effect of an extinction procedure?
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What is an extinction burst?
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Study Notes
Learning and Reinforcement
- Behavior changes resulting from modifications in reinforcement schedules exemplify learning without acquiring new behaviors.
- Enhancements in speed or effectiveness can occur through altered reinforcement.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Schedules of Reinforcement (SOR): Define the relationship between behavior and reinforcement.
- Schedule Effects (SE): Different reinforcement schedules create unique learning patterns.
Continuous Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement (CRF): Every occurrence of a behavior is reinforced.
- Example: A child receives praise every time they hang up their coat.
- Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule (IRS): Reinforcement occurs occasionally, not consistently.
- Example: A parent may not always be able to praise their child for hanging up their coat.
Fixed-Ratio Schedules
- Fixed-Ratio (FR): Behavior is reinforced after a predetermined number of occurrences.
- Example: FR3 requires three lever presses for one reinforcement.
- Response Pattern: Generates a break in response after reinforcement, leading to a run rate that increases variance and extends pauses after each reinforcement.
Pre-Ratio Pauses
- Pre-ratio pauses result from reinforcement and are explained by Perone (2003) as a method to temporarily escape the arduous nature of working without immediate reward.
- Such pauses can mirror procrastination behaviors.
Variable-Ratio Schedules
- Variable-Ratio (VR): Reinforcement is based on an average number of responses.
- Example: In a VR5 schedule, reinforcement might occur after an average of five lever presses, despite variability in actual occurrences.
- Response Pattern: Leads to higher rates of behavior with fewer pauses compared to fixed-ratio schedules.
Variable-Interval Schedules
- Variable-Interval (VI): Reinforcement is delivered after varying lengths of time on average.
- Produces consistent and stable response rates, although typically lower than FR or VR schedules.
Fixed-Interval Schedules
- Fixed-Interval (FI): The first response is reinforced after a fixed time interval.
- Example: An FI5" schedule means reinforcement is provided after five seconds.
- Response Pattern: Produces a scalloped curve in cumulative records, showing increased responses as the interval approaches.
Operant Extinction
- Represents a procedure where previously reinforced behavior no longer receives reinforcement.
- The immediate effects of extinction can cause behaviors to intensify temporarily, leading to an "extinction burst."
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Test your understanding of schedules of reinforcement with this quiz. Explore how different reinforcement schedules affect behavior and learning outcomes. Perfect for psychology students delving into behavioral theories.