Psychology Unit 2 Exam Notes
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Questions and Answers

Which component of the tri-component model of attitudes reflects how you feel about something?

  • Behavioural component
  • Emotional component
  • Affective component (correct)
  • Cognitive component

What type of discrimination occurs when unfavourable treatment is based on personal characteristics protected by law?

  • Direct discrimination (correct)
  • Indirect discrimination
  • Systematic discrimination
  • Institutional discrimination

Which component of attitudes includes beliefs and thoughts about people or objects?

  • Affective component
  • Behavioural component
  • Emotional response
  • Cognitive component (correct)

What is a potential negative effect of relying on stereotypes?

<p>They may result in treating individuals differently than deserved. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is indirect discrimination defined?

<p>The same treatment applied universally that disadvantages a group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes prejudice?

<p>A negative attitude towards individuals based solely on group membership. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of stereotypes in social interactions?

<p>They allow for quicker decision-making about others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the behavioural component of attitudes?

<p>The actions taken as expressions of an attitude. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency to perceive close parts of a visual stimulus as belonging to a group called?

<p>Proximity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing perceptual factors?

<p>Sunlight exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a supertaster characterized by?

<p>A higher number of taste buds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes size constancy?

<p>Recognizing an object's actual size despite changes in retinal images (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synaesthesia involves perceiving words as having tastes?

<p>Lexical-gustatory synaesthesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'perceptual set' refer to?

<p>The readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is generally considered a cause of synaesthesia?

<p>Inherited genetic predisposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attention allows an individual to focus on a single task while ignoring distractions?

<p>Selective attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of sustained attention?

<p>The capacity to maintain a high level of awareness over extended periods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences conformity through the desire to be accepted by a group?

<p>Normative influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a negative influence of social media?

<p>Contributing to mental health issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes divided attention?

<p>The ability to process two or more stimuli simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of conformity primarily concerned with?

<p>Altering personal ideas to align with those of a group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation exemplifies informational influence in conformity?

<p>An individual looks to a knowledgeable group member for guidance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way a hypothesis is defined?

<p>A statement predicting potential outcomes of a study. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is NOT associated with conformity?

<p>Cognitive dissonance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effect did the Stanford prison experiment reveal about individuals in positions of authority?

<p>Individuals lose their sense of identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical concern was raised regarding Milgram's experiment?

<p>Participants experienced psychological stress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of Zimbardo's study?

<p>To analyze whether prison brutality is due to personal traits or environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about the power dynamics in the Stanford prison experiment?

<p>Social roles significantly influence behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle was most compromised in Zimbardo's study?

<p>Withdrawal rights. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Milgram's experiment primarily demonstrate about human behavior?

<p>Individuals are willing to cause pain under authority's influence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological symptoms did participants assigned as 'prisoners' experience in Zimbardo's study?

<p>Emotional distress, anxiety, and depression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect showed the dehumanization of prisoners in Zimbardo's study?

<p>Guards became abusive and exhibited sadistic behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a research study examining if sugar consumption affects children's attention, which variable is the dependent variable (DV)?

<p>The level of attention in children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the halo effect?

<p>A cognitive bias where one trait influences perception of others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are heuristics primarily used for?

<p>To make quick decisions with limited information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines 'obedience'?

<p>Changing behavior due to direct commands from authority (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Milgram's experiment, what was the significant outcome regarding participants' behavior?

<p>About 90% of participants administered shocks above 150 volts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of observations in research?

<p>To meticulously collect data about an event or object (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a problem associated with heuristics?

<p>Leading to overconfidence and stereotyping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is respect defined in an ethical context?

<p>It considers the capacity of living things to make decisions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason people conform according to Asch's experiment?

<p>To fit in with the group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines cognitive dissonance?

<p>The discomfort from conflicting beliefs or behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does social proximity refer to in psychology?

<p>The physical closeness of individuals to each other (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design involves participants experiencing both experimental and control conditions?

<p>Within-subjects design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is bottom-up processing best described?

<p>Integrating sensory information to form a bigger picture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ingroup and outgroup refer to what concepts in social psychology?

<p>Belonging and exclusion within society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion did Asch come to regarding the behavior of participants in his study?

<p>Participants conformed due to group pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes top-down processing?

<p>Applying prior knowledge to interpret sensory information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tri-component model of attitudes

A model stating that attitudes have three parts: emotions (affective), actions (behavioral), and thoughts (cognitive).

Affective component

The emotional part of an attitude.

Behavioral component

The actions you take based on your attitude.

Cognitive component

The thoughts or beliefs associated with an attitude.

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Stereotypes

Oversimplified beliefs about groups of people, ignoring individual differences.

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Direct Discrimination

Unfavorable treatment due to a protected characteristic.

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Indirect Discrimination

Rules or policies that disadvantage people with a protected characteristic, even if they seem fair to everyone else.

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Prejudice

A negative attitude towards someone due to group membership.

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Proximity

The tendency to group together visual stimuli that are close together.

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Perceptual Set

The readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way due to past experience.

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Perceptual Constancy (Size)

Seeing an object's true size despite changes in its retinal image as distance changes.

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Supertaster

Someone with a heightened taste sensitivity due to more taste buds.

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Papillae

Raised structures on the tongue containing taste buds.

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Synaesthesia

A condition where one sensory system triggers another.

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Attention (Sustained)

Focused concentration for a long period of time.

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Attention (Selective)

Choosing to focus on one thing while ignoring others.

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Attention

Level of awareness focused on certain stimuli, excluding others.

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Conformity

Adapting ideas, attitudes, or behaviors to match a group.

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Factors affecting conformity

Group size, agreement within the group, desire to be correct or liked, culture, reduced individual effort in a group, and loss of individuality in a group affect conformity.

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Social media positive influences

Social media platforms provide a space for expressing opinions, fundraising for charities, and raising awareness of important issues.

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Social media negative influences

Negative impacts include mental health concerns and difficulty recognizing emotions through digital communication.

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Hypothesis

A testable prediction about the outcome of a study.

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Sustained attention

Maintaining a high level of focus over a long period.

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Selective attention

Concentrating on one thing while ignoring others.

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Independent Variable (IV)

The variable the researcher changes or controls in an experiment.

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Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable the researcher measures to see if the IV affects it.

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Respect (ethics)

Considering the value and autonomy of living things.

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Observation

Careful examination of something to gather data.

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Heuristic

Mental shortcut for quick decisions with limited info.

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Group (social)

Two or more people whose behavior changes due to authority.

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Obedience

Changing behavior in response to an authority figure.

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Milgram's Experiment

Study examining obedience to authority.

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Milgram's Experiment

A psychological experiment that measured the willingness of participants to inflict pain on others when instructed by an authority figure.

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Ethical concerns in Milgram

Concerns about potential psychological harm, withdrawal rights and deception in the study.

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Zimbardo's Prison Experiment

A social experiment investigating the influence of social roles on behaviour.

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Ethical concerns in Zimbardo

Concerns about harm to participants, especially to prisoners in the experiment; withdrawal rights issues and lack of informed consent.

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Status and Power (social roles)

The way social positions affect behaviour and influence actions in authority figures.

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Guards' Power

The significant control guards held over prisoners in the study, including daily routines and access to necessities.

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Conformity to social roles

The tendency to adapt behaviour to the expectations associated with social roles.

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Effect of status and power

The strong influence high status and power have on the behaviour of individuals in a social experiment.

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Bottom-up Processing

Sensory information processing starting with details, combined to create a whole picture.

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Top-down Processing

Sensory information processing using pre-existing knowledge and expectations.

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Social Proximity

Physical closeness between people.

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Cognitive Dissonance

Discomfort from conflicting beliefs or actions.

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Ingroups vs. Outgroups

Ingroups: Groups you belong to; Outgroups: Groups you don't belong to.

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Conformity - Asch's Experiment

Adjusting behaviors to match a group, even if incorrect.

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Between-subjects Design

Participants in a study assigned to different groups (conditions).

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Perception

Process of interpreting sensory information.

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Study Notes

Psychology Unit 2 Exam Notes

  • Tri-component model of attitudes: Combines affective (feelings), behavioural (actions), and cognitive (thoughts) components. Examples include feeling good with friends, spending time with friends, and thinking friends are nice.

  • Stereotypes: Fixed ideas about groups, ignoring individual differences. Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral, and can be helpful for quick impressions, but can cause harm by causing different treatment.

  • Direct and indirect discrimination: Direct discrimination is treating someone differently due to a protected characteristic (age, sex, etc.). Indirect discrimination applies a rule to everyone, but it disadvantages someone because of a protected characteristic.

  • Prejudice: Negative attitude toward a group based on their membership, not individual characteristics.

  • Stigma: Negative attitude or belief associated with a certain characteristic (e.g., disability, gender). This can lead to unfair treatment.

  • Biological factors affecting taste: Age (fewer taste buds as you age) and genetics (varying number of taste buds).

  • Social factors affecting taste: Food culture, historical experiences (practical uses of ingredients), and songlines (knowledge of food sources).

  • Gestalt principles: Ways we group visual elements to perceive a whole object (figure-ground, camouflage, closure, similarity, proximity).

  • Perceptual set: Tendency to interpret things in a certain way based on past experiences and expectations.

  • Factors influencing perceptual factors: Past experiences and memory influence our interpretations of stimuli.

  • Attention: Level of awareness of a stimulus, includes sustained (prolonged focus), selective (focusing on one), and divided (focusing on multiple).

  • Conformity: Changing one's beliefs, attitudes, or behaviours to match the group. Factors include group size, unanimity, informational influence, normative influence, culture, social loafing, and deindividuation.

  • Defining 'respect': Consideration of the value and agency of living things, giving them due regard.

  • Observations, self-reporting, qualitative, and objective: Observation is close examination, self-report is when participants document results, qualitative data describes characteristics, subjective factors are personal judgments. Objective is based on external factors.

  • Halo effect: One positive impression influences other perceptions of a person.

  • Heuristics: Cognitive shortcuts; quick decisions when information is limited.

  • Obedience: Changing behaviour in response to authority figures.

  • Milgram's experiment: Examined the extent people would obey authority figures, even if harmful.

  • Zimbardo's prison experiment: Showed how social roles (guard, prisoner) dramatically influence behaviour. Concerns were raised about physical and psychological harm to participants.

  • Supertasters: People with more taste buds; heightened sensitivity to taste.

  • Synaesthesia: Sensory experience triggered by a different sensory stimulus (e.g., seeing colors when hearing sounds). 

  • Perception: Process of recognising, interpreting and giving meaning to sensory information. 

  • Asch's experiment: Tested conformity, finding that people often conform to group pressure, even when they know it's wrong. Experimental designs like between-subjects and within-subjects, are explained.

Experimental Designs

  • Between-subjects design: Participants randomly assigned to either control or experimental group. 

  • Within-subjects design: All participants experience all conditions of the study.

  • Mixed design: Combination of between-subject and within-subject designs.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts from Psychology Unit 2, including the tri-component model of attitudes, stereotypes, discrimination, prejudice, and stigma. Understanding these terms is crucial for grasping the complexities of social psychology and individual behavior. Test your knowledge and prepare for your exam effectively.

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