Psychology Theories and Research Methods
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Questions and Answers

What phenomenon is illustrated by Ringelmann's findings on group performance?

  • Social inhibition
  • Social facilitation
  • Groupthink
  • Social loafing (correct)

What does the term 'diffusion of responsibility' imply in group settings?

  • Shared perception of task ownership (correct)
  • Decreased resources allocation
  • Enhanced personal motivation
  • Increased individual accountability

Which of the following best defines skepticism within scientific inquiry?

  • Belief in absolute truths
  • The practice of questioning the reliability of knowledge (correct)
  • The assumption that all knowledge is certain
  • A method of strict adherence to previous theories

What is the primary goal of scientific inquiry according to the provided content?

<p>To explain phenomena through observation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research did Latané and his colleagues conduct to study social loafing?

<p>Systematic experiments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about scientific methods is correct?

<p>It is a valid approach for acquiring knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Ringelmann's experiments, which group size exhibited the least performance capacity?

<p>Group of eight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates a scientist according to the content?

<p>Curiosity to understand how things work (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the foundational belief that underlies the concept of determinism in science?

<p>Observable causes determine events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the dual functions of theory in psychology?

<p>Organization and prediction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the scientific method differ from other belief-forming methods?

<p>It emphasizes empirical observation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of scientific beliefs allows incorrect ideas to eventually be weeded out?

<p>The self-correcting nature of science (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the scientific method enhance learning about the nature of things?

<p>Through controlled observation of causes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of scientist is primarily focused on description according to the deductive approach?

<p>Inductive scientist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the effectiveness of a theory measured beyond the mere accuracy of its predictions?

<p>By the variety of occurrences it can explain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach emphasizes reasoning from specific data to general theories?

<p>Induction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does changing scientific beliefs typically require?

<p>A slow and thorough process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the deductive approach, what is prioritized over casual observations and informal theories?

<p>Well-developed theories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the self-correcting nature of science exemplified by?

<p>The tentative nature of induced theories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the falsifiability view suggest about good theories?

<p>They should be capable of being proven false. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does verification of a theory primarily increase according to the deductive perspective?

<p>Confidence in the theory's veracity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is associated with purely inductive approaches in science?

<p>Theories are limited in scope. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental element shared by all scientific approaches?

<p>Data and theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does negative evidence play according to the falsifiability view?

<p>It is more important than positive support. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of parsimony in the context of scientific theories?

<p>The idea that simpler theories should be preferred if they explain the same facts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is precision considered an important criterion for theories, especially in psychology?

<p>It enables different researchers to agree on predictions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a testable theory from a non-testable theory?

<p>A testable theory can be proved wrong by evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do intervening variables play in research?

<p>They link independent variables to dependent variables (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does an intervening variable play in a study?

<p>It mediates the relationship between independent and dependent variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is NOT a criterion for evaluating a scientific theory?

<p>Complexity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the given example, how does socioeconomic status affect reading ability?

<p>Indirect influence through parental education level. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between thirst and experimental results according to Miller (1959)?

<p>Thirst organizes results efficiently as an intervening variable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a theory fails to fit the data it aims to explain?

<p>There is little point in pursuing it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In experimental research, what is the dependent variable?

<p>The variable that is measured to assess the impact of the independent variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of direct and indirect methods in relating variables?

<p>The direct method requires more arrows than the indirect method. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes basic scientific research?

<p>It aims to enhance theoretical understanding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of having a theory that is not testable?

<p>It can only be evaluated by believers, limiting scientific scrutiny (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do intervening variables contribute to scientific research?

<p>They simplify the relationships between variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of multiple mediating variables suggest in a study?

<p>Relationships between variables may require more complex explanation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might researchers prefer using intervening variables in their studies?

<p>They help navigate complex relationships between variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Popper argue about a theory that predicts results not supported by data?

<p>The theory must be disproven and rejected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a hypothesis from a generalization?

<p>A hypothesis can be directly tested; a generalization cannot be. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, how are theories generally accepted?

<p>Based on their ability to explain existing phenomena. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated as a primary feature of theories by sophisticated scientists?

<p>That they can be partially incorrect yet still useful. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hypotheses typically arise from generalizations?

<p>Via an inductive process from theory or experience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as a limitation of Popper's approach according to Proctor and Capaldi?

<p>The number of consistent experiments does not matter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of theory evaluation do scientists consider important?

<p>Choosing the best theory among several based on explicit criteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypotheses do most psychologists prefer to test?

<p>Hypotheses derived from theoretical frameworks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Loafing

The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone.

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to acquiring knowledge about the world by developing hypotheses, performing experiments to test them, collecting data, and analyzing results.

Theory

A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.

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Skepticism

A philosophical approach that questions the certainty of all knowledge; important in science to avoid accepting unproven explanations.

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Intervening Variable

A hidden factor that influences the relationship between two other variables; not directly observed but can be inferred.

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Induction

Reasoning from specific observations to broader generalizations (or theories).

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Deduction

Reasoning from general principles to specific predictions (or hypotheses).

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Scientific Method

A method of forming beliefs based on experience and controlled observations, assuming events have causes discoverable through observation.

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Determinism

The belief that observable causes determine events.

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Empirical Observation

The process of collecting data and information through observation and measurement.

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Self-Correcting

A characteristic of science where incorrect ideas are eventually replaced by better ones through the process of testing.

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Theory (Science)

A set of related statements explaining various occurrences; more occurrences, fewer statements are better, although this does not imply correctness.

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Theory Function (Organize)

Theory provides a structured way to present data.

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Theory Function (Predict)

Theory allows predictions in areas where data are not collected.

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Deductive vs. Inductive Approaches

Arguments related to whether description is explanation and vice-versa in scientific endeavors.

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Induction

Reasoning from specific observations to general theories.

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Deduction

Reasoning from general theories to specific predictions (or hypotheses).

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Falsifiability

A theory must be testable in a way that it could be proven false.

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Data vs. Theory

Science relies on both data (observations) and theory, but modern science emphasizes data leading to theory (induction).

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Tentative Theories

Theories developed from observations are not absolute truths; they can change with more data and new observations.

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Empirical Observations

Observations based on experiences or experiments, which are the foundation of scientific knowledge.

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Negative Evidence Importance

Finding evidence that does not support a theory is more important than finding supporting evidence because it helps narrow possible explanations.

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Scientific Progress

Science advances through observations, induction, deduction, and the constant testing and refinement of theories.

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Popper's Theory Evaluation

A theory cannot be proven but can be disproven. A theory is rejected if a prediction derived from it is not supported by data.

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Theory vs. Hypothesis

A theory is a broader explanation, while a hypothesis is a specific testable statement derived from a theory.

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Hypothesis Source

Hypotheses can stem from theory or experience. Hypotheses from experience are sometimes called 'common-sense' hypotheses.

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Theory Evaluation Criteria

Evaluating a theory involves explicit criteria instead of claiming it's definitively true or false.

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Generalization vs. Hypothesis

A generalization is a broad statement that cannot be tested directly. It can, however, lead to testable hypotheses.

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Theory is Tentative

Scientific theories and explanations are always evolving and subject to revision. Scientists need to decide on the best theory available at the moment.

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Well-Supported Theory

The number of experiments consistent with a theory doesn't equate to its value.

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Testing Theories

Scientific theories are tested indirectly through hypotheses. Scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses derived from theories.

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Parsimony

The principle that the simplest explanation of an event is usually the best one.

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Precision in Theories

The clarity and exactness in a theory's predictions, especially in quantitative terms.

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Testable Theory

A theory whose predictions can be evaluated or disproven by experiment or observation.

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Goodness of Fit

How well a theory's predictions match the observed data.

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Independent Variable

The variable manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured to assess the effect of the independent variable.

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Intervening Variable

An abstract concept that connects independent & dependent variables; not directly measured.

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Theory Criteria

Characteristics (parsimony, precision, testability, fit data) a good theory should embody.

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Mediating Variable

A variable that influences the relationship between an independent and dependent variable; it's an intervening factor.

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Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect on another variable.

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Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that is measured or observed to see if it changes in response to the independent variable.

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Intervening Variable

A variable that explains how one variable affects another by acting as a middle-man.

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Direct Relationship

A clear, direct link between the independent and dependent variables.

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Indirect Relationship

A relationship between variables with an intervening variable.

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More IVs, Fewer Arrows

Increasing the number of independent variables makes using intervening variables more efficient.

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Indirect Explanation

An explanation of a relationship that takes intervening variables into account.

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Study Notes

Scientific Explanation

  • A theory is a set of related statements explaining occurrences.
  • The fewer statements and more occurrences a theory explains, the better the theory.
  • A theory's accuracy doesn't guarantee its correctness, as some events may remain unexplained.
  • Theories in psychology organize data systematically, and generate predictions for situations lacking data.
  • Better theories offer more precise predictions.

Social Loafing

  • Ringelmann (1913) observed reduced individual effort in groups.
  • Groups of two, three, and eight exhibited progressively lower effort compared to individual performance.
  • Social loafing is a phenomenon where people exert less effort in groups than alone.
  • This reduced effort stems from diffused responsibility in group settings.

Methodology of Psychological Research

  • Psychological research utilizes controlled experiments and observations to understand phenomena.
  • Experiments involve developing hypotheses, establishing testing conditions, gathering data, and analyzing/interpreting findings.
  • Experiments produce a deeper understanding than simple observation and reflection.

Curiosity and Skepticism

  • Scientists are driven by curiosity to understand how/why things work.
  • Skepticism is a crucial component of scientific reasoning, recognizing that no certainty exists in scientific knowledge.
  • Skepticism demands rigorous scrutiny of knowledge claims and conclusions.

Sources of Knowledge & The Scientific Method

  • The scientific method is a valid approach for acquiring knowledge about the world.
  • The scientific method prioritizes empirical observations, organizing concepts that predict future observations.
  • The scientific method contrasts with other ways of establishing beliefs.
  • The scientific method relies on experience.
  • This experience is based on the assumption that events have identifiable causes, discoverable through controlled observation (determinism).
  • Scientific methods emphasize empirical observation and the validation of theories.

Induction and Deduction

  • Induction: Reasoning from particular data to a general theory.
  • Deduction: Reasoning from a general theory to particular predictions.
  • In induction, data suggests organizing principles (theories).
  • In deduction, theories predict future observations (data).
  • Modern science combines these approaches.
  • Scientific observations can be limited or influenced by their context.
  • Theories derived from observations are tentative.

Falsifiability

  • Theories are based on potential falsification, meaning they can be proven incorrect by evidence.
  • Support for a theory is not conclusive proof, but rather increased confidence.
  • A good theory can be tested and potentially disproven; a well-tested idea withstands scrutiny.

Evaluating Theories

  • Scientists aim to understand which of several theories is best suited for our current understanding.
  • Four criteria for assessing theories:
    • Parsimony: The theory is simple and economical in its explanations.
    • Precision: The theory's predictions are clearly defined and measurable.
    • Testability: The theory can be tested through experiments.
    • Goodness of fit: The theory's predictions align with observed data.

Intervening Variables

  • Intervening variables connect independent variables (manipulated) to dependent variables (observed).
  • They explain how independent variables affect dependent variables.
  • Mediating variables explain indirect relationships.
  • Intervening variables provide a flexible, efficient way to link multiple factors.

Basic and Applied Research

  • Basic research aims to broaden knowledge and understanding.
  • Applied research aims at solving practical problems.
  • Basic research provides a foundation for applied research.
  • The quality of research (basic or applied) is more important than the category.

Research Techniques: Observation and Correlation

  • Observation is a method used in psychological research.
  • Correlation is a statistical method used in psychological research.

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Explanation in Scientific Psychology Chapter 1 PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts regarding psychological theories, including the principles of social loafing and the methodology used in psychological research. Test your understanding of how theories are formed, their predictions, and the impact of group dynamics on individual effort. Explore the intricacies of psychological research insights.

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