Social-Psychological Theories of Crime

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According to control theory, what is the main factor that controls crime?

Internal restraints

Emotional bonds with significant others

Individual's conscience

Social pressure and institutionalized rules (correct)

According to learning theory, how do individuals acquire criminal behaviors?

Through emotional bonds

Through inner controls

Through different forms of learning (correct)

Through external constraints

According to Reckless's containment theory, what controls crime?

Internal restraints

Individual's conscience

Social pressure and institutionalized rules (correct)

Emotional bonds with significant others

What are the subcategories of social-psychological theories of crime?

Control theories and direct learning theories Signup and view all the answers

According to containment theory, what factors contribute to strong inner containment?

Ability to tolerate frustration and resist distractions Signup and view all the answers

According to Hans Eysenck's version of containment theory, what role does heredity play in predisposing an individual to crime?

A significant role Signup and view all the answers

According to Eysenck, how does socialization translate innate tendencies into criminal acts?

Through differential association Signup and view all the answers

According to Sutherland's differential association approach, how does criminal behavior develop?

Through operant conditioning and modeling Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura, which of the following is true about social learning theory?

It assigns more importance to cognitive factors and observational learning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a social context that influences aggression, according to Bandura?

Mass media Signup and view all the answers

What did the longitudinal study on the effects of televised violence reveal?

Early exposure to violence on television predicts aggression in adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential harmful effect of viewing violence on television in childhood?

Desensitization to the effects of violence Signup and view all the answers

According to Wilson and Herrnstein's multiple-component learning theory, what is an important factor in determining whether a crime is committed?

The ratio of gains and losses for criminal and noncriminal behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is time discounting according to Wilson and Herrnstein?

The tendency for reinforcers to lose strength the more remote they are from a behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to equity theory, how does a perception of inequity influence criminal behavior?

It increases the perceived gains associated with crime Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a constitutional factor in Wilson and Herrnstein's theory of criminality?

Parenting practices Signup and view all the answers

Which factor(s) contribute to the increased risk of criminal behavior in children?

Biological factors, family problems, and early school experiences Signup and view all the answers

Why have Wilson and Hermstein faced criticism for their ideas?

Their ideas ignore psychological factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main assumption of labeling theory?

Deviance is created by the labels assigned by society Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential impact of being labeled a deviant?

It creates a self-fulfilling prophecy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the six instigators that can prompt antisocial behavior?

Self-reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is a major strength of social learning theory?

It applies to a wide range of crimes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of social learning theory?

It doesn't explain why some people fall prey to bad learning experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a tactic of 'self-exoneration'?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The social labeling approach primarily focuses on

Understanding the difficulties offenders face in returning to society Signup and view all the answers

Primary deviance usually occurs

Before secondary deviance Signup and view all the answers

What does the social labeling approach not explain?

Most criminal behavior Signup and view all the answers

Who is more likely to be caught and 'criminalized' according to the social labeling approach?

Lawbreakers living in crime-ridden neighborhoods Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of behavioral differences in the social labeling approach?

They exist and persist despite the names we call them Signup and view all the answers

When do many lawbreakers develop a life of crime?

Before ever being apprehended Signup and view all the answers