Psychology Study Quiz: Community and Attribution Errors
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Ross, Amabile, and Steinmetz's 1977 study?

  • Historical shifts in psychological theories
  • Cognitive biases in decision making
  • Social roles and perceptions in performance evaluation (correct)
  • Artificial conditions in experimental psychology

    • What does the term 'ecological validity' refer to in the context of the study?

  • The testing conditions used in psychological research
  • The reliability of self-reported data from participants
  • The extent to which findings apply in real-world settings (correct)
  • The relevance of historical context to contemporary experiments

    • What hypothesis was supported by the results of the experiment?

  • External factors rarely affect people's judgments of others' performances
  • Individuals tend to form positive impressions of questioners and negative ones of contestants (correct)
  • People are equally likely to make good impressions of all individuals
  • Attributions are influenced by social control mechanisms

    • What is a key finding related to the fundamental attribution error in this study?

    <p>Participants failed to consider external factors affecting performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of groups were compared in this research to assess the hypothesis?

    <p>Control and experimental groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary elements that contribute to a sense of community according to the authors?

    <p>Membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs, shared emotional connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation was noted about the theory at the time of publication?

    <p>The theory was untested, affecting its validity and reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the authors hope their article would contribute to future research?

    <p>By assisting in the further exploration of strengthening the social fabric through a sense of community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a strength of the theory presented by the authors?

    <p>The theory is regarded as a definitive solution for community issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the sense of community theory was highlighted as being easy to apply?

    <p>Its applications to existing groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ecological validity refer to in the context of studying memory?

    <p>The applicability of findings to real-life situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>The food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts describes the phenomenon when a conditioned response diminishes after the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of Pavlov's work on classical conditioning?

    <p>It fails to explain all types of human behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key component of Bandura's Social Learning Theory?

    <p>Observers can learn by imitating observed behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What methodological strength does Bandura's research provide for understanding learning?

    <p>It incorporates cognitive processes into observational studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary behavior observed in Watson and Rayner's Little Albert experiment?

    <p>Fear response to a white rat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor could contribute to the limitations of research in memory recall in noisy contexts?

    <p>Small sample sizes reducing statistical power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes aggressive behavior in Bandura's social learning framework?

    <p>It can be learned through observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does spontaneous recovery relate to conditioning?

    <p>It is the return of a conditioned response after a pause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the experiment conducted in 1920 regarding emotional reactions?

    <p>To determine if emotional responses are innate or learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the transfer of emotional responses to stimuli similar to the original stimulus?

    <p>Generalisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the experiment involving Little Albert?

    <p>A loud noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical concern arose from the Little Albert experiment?

    <p>The experiment caused long-term phobias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily associated with emotional responses and conditioning?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Little Albert experiment, what does extinction refer to?

    <p>The process of unlearning a conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of emotional reaction was Little Albert conditioned to exhibit?

    <p>Fear towards the white rat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes 'discrimination' in the context of conditioning?

    <p>Responding differently to similar stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What internal process is described as being unable to be directly observed or measured?

    <p>Cognitive dissonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which experimental design feature enhances the reliability of Tajfel's experiments?

    <p>Experimental design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of validity is compromised due to the use of only male participants in Tajfel's experiments?

    <p>Population validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Tajfel's Experiment 1, participants were instructed to allocate money based on what criterion?

    <p>Test scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main behavior exhibited by groups in Tajfel's studies?

    <p>Group favoritism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the findings from Tajfel's studies primarily demonstrate?

    <p>Social identity impacts behavior towards in-groups and out-groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did participants in Experiment 2 allocate funds based on?

    <p>Aesthetic preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation is associated with studies supporting social identity theory?

    <p>Low ecological validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The allocation of money in Tajfel's research was primarily intended to assess what?

    <p>In-group versus out-group behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social phenomenon do Tajfel's studies mainly relate to?

    <p>Intergroup discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of validity was found to be low in Tajfel's work due to the controlled lab environment?

    <p>Ecological validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is illustrated by individuals showing favoritism towards their own group in resource allocation?

    <p>In-group bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did participants in Tajfel's studies primarily react to their group memberships?

    <p>By enhancing their own self-image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group comprised the participants in Tajfel's experiments?

    <p>Young adolescents aged 14-15</p> Signup and view all the answers

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