Questions and Answers
According to Erikson's Psychosocial Development theory, the stage that follows trust vs. mistrust is which of the following?
What does the Information Processing Model in cognitive psychology compare the mind to?
Which of the following is NOT a type of memory identified in cognitive psychology?
What is one of the key areas studied under developmental psychology?
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Which approach is commonly used in clinical psychology for treating mental disorders?
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What is a critical component of ethical practice in clinical psychology?
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Which concept refers to how individuals form impressions of others in social psychology?
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Which of the following best describes groupthink in social psychology?
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What is a primary characteristic of componential intelligence?
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Which component of componential intelligence is responsible for executing tasks?
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What does the experiential sub-theory of intelligence emphasize?
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Which aspect of practical intelligence involves making changes within oneself?
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What characterizes the novel end of the experiential spectrum?
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In the context of contextual intelligence, what does 'selection' refer to?
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Which example best illustrates shaping in practical intelligence?
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What is a common aspect of all three components of the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?
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Study Notes
Psychology Study Notes
Cognitive Psychology
- Definition: Study of mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving.
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Key Concepts:
- Information Processing Model: Compares the mind to a computer (input, processing, output).
- Cognitive Biases: Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.
- Memory Types:
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory
- Working memory
- Decision Making: Heuristics and biases affecting choices.
Developmental Psychology
- Definition: Study of human growth and changes across the lifespan, from infancy to old age.
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Key Theories:
- Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Eight stages from trust vs. mistrust to integrity vs. despair.
- Piaget's Cognitive Development: Stages include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
- Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: Emphasizes social interaction and cultural context in development.
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Areas of Study:
- Language acquisition
- Emotional development
- Socialization processes
Clinical Psychology
- Definition: Focus on assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders.
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Key Approaches:
- Psychotherapy: Techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, and humanistic therapy.
- Assessment Tools: Standardized tests, interviews, and observational methods.
- Disorders:
- Anxiety disorders
- Mood disorders
- Personality disorders
- Ethics: Importance of confidentiality, informed consent, and cultural sensitivity.
Social Psychology
- Definition: Study of how individuals influence and are influenced by social interactions.
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Key Concepts:
- Social Perception: How we form impressions of others.
- Group Dynamics: Conformity, obedience, groupthink, and group polarization.
- Attitudes: Formation, change, and the relationship between attitudes and behavior.
- Prejudice and Discrimination: Factors contributing to social biases and conflict.
Neuropsychology
- Definition: Study of the relationship between brain function and behavior.
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Key Areas:
- Brain Structure and Function: Role of different brain areas in cognition and emotion.
- Neuroplasticity: Brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.
- Neuropsychological Assessment: Tools to evaluate cognitive function related to brain health.
- Disorders: Effects of brain injuries, strokes, and neurodegenerative diseases on behavior and cognition.
Cognitive Psychology
- Studies mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving.
- Information Processing Model: Compares the mind to a computer involving input, processing, and output stages.
- Cognitive Biases: Systematic deviations from rationality affecting judgment and decision-making.
- Memory Types include:
- Short-term memory: Temporary storage of information.
- Long-term memory: Permanent storage that can hold vast amounts of information.
- Working memory: Active processing and manipulation of information.
- Decision Making: Heuristics are mental shortcuts, leading to biases in choices.
Developmental Psychology
- Investigates human growth and changes from infancy to old age.
- Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Eight stages addressing conflicts from trust vs. mistrust to integrity vs. despair.
- Piaget's Cognitive Development: Four stages—sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational—indicating how children think at different ages.
- Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: Highlights the role of social interactions and cultural factors in cognitive development.
- Areas of Study include language acquisition, emotional development, and socialization processes.
Clinical Psychology
- Focuses on assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders.
- Psychotherapy: Includes techniques like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, and humanistic therapy.
- Assessment Tools: Utilize standardized tests, interviews, and observational methods for diagnosis.
- Disorders studied include:
- Anxiety disorders: Affecting mood and behavior through excessive fear or worry.
- Mood disorders: Persistent feelings of sadness or fluctuations in mood.
- Personality disorders: Characterized by enduring patterns of behavior that differ from societal expectations.
- Ethical considerations include maintaining confidentiality, obtaining informed consent, and ensuring cultural sensitivity.
Social Psychology
- Examines how individuals are influenced by social interactions and their environment.
- Social Perception: Involves how individuals form impressions and judgments about others.
- Group Dynamics: Encompasses concepts such as conformity, obedience, groupthink, and group polarization.
- Attitudes: Explores how attitudes are formed, changed, and their impact on behavior.
- Prejudice and Discrimination: Factors that contribute to societal biases and conflict among groups.
Neuropsychology
- Investigates the connection between brain function and behavior.
- Key Areas include:
- Brain Structure and Function: Differentiation of brain areas and their roles in cognition and emotion.
- Neuroplasticity: The brain's capacity to reorganize itself and form new neural connections in response to learning or injury.
- Neuropsychological Assessment: Tools utilized to evaluate cognitive functions and their relation to brain health.
- Disorders: Studies the impact of brain injuries, strokes, and neurodegenerative diseases on behavior and cognitive abilities.
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
- Three basic types of intelligence: Componential, Experiential, and Contextual.
Componential or Analytical Intelligence
- Refers to critical and analytical thinking abilities.
- Individuals high in this type excel in standardized academic tests.
- Key components include:
- Meta-components: Higher-order processes for planning, monitoring, executing, analyzing, and interpreting information.
- Performance components: Mental processes involved in executing tasks, including perception, concept identification, and response formulation.
- Knowledge acquisition components: Skills related to synthesizing and creatively utilizing existing ideas.
Experiential or Creative Intelligence
- Focuses on insight and the capability to generate new ideas.
- Proposes a continuum of experience from novel to automated tasks:
- Novel end: Tackling unfamiliar tasks or situations that require innovative solutions.
- Automation end: Familiarity with tasks leading to execution with minimal conscious thought.
Contextual or Practical Intelligence
- Intelligence is influenced by the surrounding environment and daily circumstances.
- Key abilities include:
- Adaptation: Adjusting oneself to better fit environmental changes (e.g., wearing layers in cold weather).
- Selection: Choosing a new, more satisfying environment to achieve personal goals (e.g., immigrants relocating for better opportunities).
- Shaping: Modifying the environment to meet individual needs (e.g., teachers enforcing hand-raising rules to minimize classroom disruption).
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in cognitive and developmental psychology. Explore topics like cognitive biases, memory types, and key developmental theories from notable psychologists like Erikson and Piaget. Test your knowledge on mental processes and human growth across the lifespan.
