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Questions and Answers
What is the weight of a newborn's brain?
What is the weight of a newborn's brain?
- More than 3lbs
- Around 2lbs
- Exactly 1lb
- Less than 1lb (correct)
Which statement about neurons is true?
Which statement about neurons is true?
- You are born with all the neurons you will ever have. (correct)
- Neurons only grow in size, not in number.
- Neurons reduce in number as you age.
- New neurons can be created throughout life.
What is the process that involves axons growing in length and dendrites multiplying as a child matures?
What is the process that involves axons growing in length and dendrites multiplying as a child matures?
- Training
- Differentiation
- Maturation (correct)
- Myelination
What is the term used for the process of putting infants down to let them look around and gain experiences?
What is the term used for the process of putting infants down to let them look around and gain experiences?
Can infants be trained to take steps early according to the text?
Can infants be trained to take steps early according to the text?
What is deferred imitation in infants?
What is deferred imitation in infants?
Which theory suggests that language acquisition is mainly genetic?
Which theory suggests that language acquisition is mainly genetic?
What does the Learning theory approach to language acquisition focus on?
What does the Learning theory approach to language acquisition focus on?
What is one of the characteristics of language development mentioned in the text?
What is one of the characteristics of language development mentioned in the text?
What is the Interactionist perspective on language acquisition?
What is the Interactionist perspective on language acquisition?
What does the concept of 'Language acquisition device' refer to according to the text?
What does the concept of 'Language acquisition device' refer to according to the text?
At what age range do children typically start using telegraphic speech?
At what age range do children typically start using telegraphic speech?
What is idioglossia?
What is idioglossia?
What is cryptophasia?
What is cryptophasia?
What is a key aspect of memory in infants?
What is a key aspect of memory in infants?
When do children typically start picking up on pieces of language and practicing with them?
When do children typically start picking up on pieces of language and practicing with them?
What is a characteristic of telegraphic speech?
What is a characteristic of telegraphic speech?
During the autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage, children typically start to exhibit behaviors like:
During the autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage, children typically start to exhibit behaviors like:
What can caregivers do to help children in the autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage practice their sense of control?
What can caregivers do to help children in the autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage practice their sense of control?
What might be the consequence of not allowing a child to show their sense of control and independence during this stage?
What might be the consequence of not allowing a child to show their sense of control and independence during this stage?
What is a common challenge that caregivers might face when children start wanting to do things on their own?
What is a common challenge that caregivers might face when children start wanting to do things on their own?
What age range typically encompasses the autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage?
What age range typically encompasses the autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage?
What is a common disadvantage of breastfeeding mentioned in the text?
What is a common disadvantage of breastfeeding mentioned in the text?
At what age is it recommended for newborn infants to start consuming whole cow's milk?
At what age is it recommended for newborn infants to start consuming whole cow's milk?
What is the approximate size of a newborn's stomach on day three as mentioned in the text?
What is the approximate size of a newborn's stomach on day three as mentioned in the text?
Failure to Thrive in infants can lead to which of the following consequences as mentioned in the text?
Failure to Thrive in infants can lead to which of the following consequences as mentioned in the text?
What sense do newborns primarily use to learn about their environment according to the text?
What sense do newborns primarily use to learn about their environment according to the text?
Which stage of cognitive development did Jean Piaget focus on infants from birth to 2 years?
Which stage of cognitive development did Jean Piaget focus on infants from birth to 2 years?
What does the term 'Assimilate' refer to in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
What does the term 'Assimilate' refer to in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
"Perceptual constancy" typically develops by which milestone according to the text?
"Perceptual constancy" typically develops by which milestone according to the text?
"Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)" is more prevalent in which age range as indicated in the text?
"Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)" is more prevalent in which age range as indicated in the text?
What is a common risk factor associated with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) according to the text?
What is a common risk factor associated with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) according to the text?
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Study Notes
Physical Development: Infancy (Birth to 3 years)
- Brain development:
- Weighs less than 1 lb at birth, triples in weight by first birthday
- Born with all neurons, but with more than needed, and they multiply and mature with age
- Maturation: changes occur due to age and genetic makeup, with myelination and differentiation
- Neurons:
- Axons grow in length, dendrites and axon terminals multiply, forming complex networks
- Maturation and myelination occur, influenced by experience and motivation
- Breast milk:
- Helps alleviate skin issues, acne, and diarrhea
- Contains needed nutrients, mother's antibodies, and is less likely to cause allergies
- Disadvantages: may transmit hazardous chemicals, demands physical effort from mother
- Nutrition:
- Newborns: breast milk or formula
- 4-6 months: introduction to solid foods, practice purees
- 12 months: whole cow's milk, breastfeeding until 2 years, nursing less frequently
- Failure to Thrive:
- Growth impairment during infancy and early childhood
- Causes: inadequate nutrition, developmental delays, and eating patterns
Sensation and Perception Development
- At birth:
- Touch: need to be held, learn through touch, but lack control over hands and fingers
- Taste: can differentiate between sour and bitter, prefer sweet tastes
- Smell: sense familiar scents, like mother's, which are calming
- Hearing: develops in utero, not as acute as in healthy adults, but improves rapidly
- Vision: nearsighted, sees 7-10 inches away, develops rapidly after birth
- Depth Perception:
- Develops by 6 months, around onset of crawling
- Research using the Visual Cliff
Sleep and Cognitive Development
- Newborns:
- Sleep 16 hours a day, with day and night mixed up
- Spend a lot of time in REM sleep, with neural activation and brain consolidation
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS):
- Risk factors: age 2-4 months, stomach sleeping, prematurity, low birth weight, SES, and maternal smoking
- Prevention: lay infants on their back, without pillows or blankets
Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget
- Schemes: concepts, way to organize knowledge
- Assimilation: fitting new ideas into existing schemes
- Accommodation: modifying schemes to accept new ideas
- Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 years):
- Develop through sensory and motor activity
- Substages: 6, including infant responses to their own body, and mental exploration
Language Development
- Characteristics:
- Crying: communicates needs
- Gestures: pointing, indicating who or what they want
- Facial expressions: displays all basic emotions
- Language: all communication, including reading faces and body language
- Theories of language acquisition:
- Learning theory (Skinner, 1957): operant conditioning, rewards and punishment
- Nativist approach (Chomsky, 1957): genetic, innate language acquisition device
- Interactionist perspective (Broon & Tinker, 2001; Tomasella, 1995): combination of genetic and environmental factors
Memory and Social-Emotional Development
- Memory: infants demonstrate memory through behaviors, imitation, and recalling events
- Foundation of trust: caregivers, then expanding to others
- Erikson's Psychosocial Theory:
- 1-3 years: autonomy vs. shame and doubt, developing independence and sense of control
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