Developmental Psychology: Beginning of Thought
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Questions and Answers

What is the weight of a newborn's brain?

  • More than 3lbs
  • Around 2lbs
  • Exactly 1lb
  • Less than 1lb (correct)

    • Which statement about neurons is true?

  • You are born with all the neurons you will ever have. (correct)
  • Neurons only grow in size, not in number.
  • Neurons reduce in number as you age.
  • New neurons can be created throughout life.

    • What is the process that involves axons growing in length and dendrites multiplying as a child matures?

  • Training
  • Differentiation
  • Maturation (correct)
  • Myelination

    • What is the term used for the process of putting infants down to let them look around and gain experiences?

    <p>Experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can infants be trained to take steps early according to the text?

    <p>No, infants cannot be trained beyond a certain point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deferred imitation in infants?

    <p>Imitating events after a certain amount of time has passed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that language acquisition is mainly genetic?

    <p>Nativist approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Learning theory approach to language acquisition focus on?

    <p>Operant conditioning by rewarding or punishing sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the characteristics of language development mentioned in the text?

    <p>Infants display all basic emotions from birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Interactionist perspective on language acquisition?

    <p>It highlights the interaction between genetics and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'Language acquisition device' refer to according to the text?

    <p>Specific areas in the brain that aid in language processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range do children typically start using telegraphic speech?

    <p>18-24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is idioglossia?

    <p>Language invented and spoken by very few</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cryptophasia?

    <p>Twin language and interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of memory in infants?

    <p>Proving the ability to retrieve information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do children typically start picking up on pieces of language and practicing with them?

    <p>18-24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of telegraphic speech?

    <p>Use of nouns and verbs mainly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage, children typically start to exhibit behaviors like:

    <p>Wanting to do things on their own</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can caregivers do to help children in the autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage practice their sense of control?

    <p>Allow them to try new things independently, like putting on their clothes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be the consequence of not allowing a child to show their sense of control and independence during this stage?

    <p>Children will feel incapable of doing things on their own</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge that caregivers might face when children start wanting to do things on their own?

    <p>Finding it annoying when children want to be independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range typically encompasses the autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage?

    <p>1 - 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common disadvantage of breastfeeding mentioned in the text?

    <p>Hazardous chemicals may be transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is it recommended for newborn infants to start consuming whole cow's milk?

    <p>12-14 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate size of a newborn's stomach on day three as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Size of walnut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Failure to Thrive in infants can lead to which of the following consequences as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Delayed developmental milestones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sense do newborns primarily use to learn about their environment according to the text?

    <p>Touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cognitive development did Jean Piaget focus on infants from birth to 2 years?

    <p>Sensorimotor Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Assimilate' refer to in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

    <p>&quot;Putting things in folders you already have instead of creating a new one&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Perceptual constancy" typically develops by which milestone according to the text?

    <p>&quot;Onset of crawling (around 6 months)&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)" is more prevalent in which age range as indicated in the text?

    <p>&quot;2-4 months&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor associated with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) according to the text?

    <p>Lower socioeconomic status (SES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physical Development: Infancy (Birth to 3 years)

    • Brain development:
      • Weighs less than 1 lb at birth, triples in weight by first birthday
      • Born with all neurons, but with more than needed, and they multiply and mature with age
      • Maturation: changes occur due to age and genetic makeup, with myelination and differentiation
    • Neurons:
      • Axons grow in length, dendrites and axon terminals multiply, forming complex networks
      • Maturation and myelination occur, influenced by experience and motivation
    • Breast milk:
      • Helps alleviate skin issues, acne, and diarrhea
      • Contains needed nutrients, mother's antibodies, and is less likely to cause allergies
      • Disadvantages: may transmit hazardous chemicals, demands physical effort from mother
    • Nutrition:
      • Newborns: breast milk or formula
      • 4-6 months: introduction to solid foods, practice purees
      • 12 months: whole cow's milk, breastfeeding until 2 years, nursing less frequently
    • Failure to Thrive:
      • Growth impairment during infancy and early childhood
      • Causes: inadequate nutrition, developmental delays, and eating patterns

    Sensation and Perception Development

    • At birth:
      • Touch: need to be held, learn through touch, but lack control over hands and fingers
      • Taste: can differentiate between sour and bitter, prefer sweet tastes
      • Smell: sense familiar scents, like mother's, which are calming
      • Hearing: develops in utero, not as acute as in healthy adults, but improves rapidly
      • Vision: nearsighted, sees 7-10 inches away, develops rapidly after birth
    • Depth Perception:
      • Develops by 6 months, around onset of crawling
      • Research using the Visual Cliff

    Sleep and Cognitive Development

    • Newborns:
      • Sleep 16 hours a day, with day and night mixed up
      • Spend a lot of time in REM sleep, with neural activation and brain consolidation
    • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS):
      • Risk factors: age 2-4 months, stomach sleeping, prematurity, low birth weight, SES, and maternal smoking
      • Prevention: lay infants on their back, without pillows or blankets

    Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget

    • Schemes: concepts, way to organize knowledge
    • Assimilation: fitting new ideas into existing schemes
    • Accommodation: modifying schemes to accept new ideas
    • Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 years):
      • Develop through sensory and motor activity
      • Substages: 6, including infant responses to their own body, and mental exploration

    Language Development

    • Characteristics:
      • Crying: communicates needs
      • Gestures: pointing, indicating who or what they want
      • Facial expressions: displays all basic emotions
      • Language: all communication, including reading faces and body language
    • Theories of language acquisition:
      • Learning theory (Skinner, 1957): operant conditioning, rewards and punishment
      • Nativist approach (Chomsky, 1957): genetic, innate language acquisition device
      • Interactionist perspective (Broon & Tinker, 2001; Tomasella, 1995): combination of genetic and environmental factors

    Memory and Social-Emotional Development

    • Memory: infants demonstrate memory through behaviors, imitation, and recalling events
    • Foundation of trust: caregivers, then expanding to others
    • Erikson's Psychosocial Theory:
      • 1-3 years: autonomy vs. shame and doubt, developing independence and sense of control

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    Description

    Explore the concept of the Beginning of Thought stage in developmental psychology, typically occurring around 18-24 months of age. Understand how infants begin to think before doing, exhibit deferred imitation, and delve into the theory critiques surrounding this stage.

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