Psychology - Stages of Development

Stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust

• Trust is built through consistent care and security during infancy.
• Mistrust arises from neglect and inconsistent responses from caregivers.

Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

• Autonomy develops when children are allowed to make choices and take responsibility.
• Shame and doubt emerge when children are discouraged or punished for their attempts at independence.

Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt

• Initiating activities and mastering new skills is essential during early childhood.
• Encouragement fosters a sense of initiative, while criticism can lead to feelings of guilt.

Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority

• A sense of industry stems from recognition and success in tasks, whether academic or extracurricular.
• Feelings of inferiority can develop due to excessive criticism or lack of acknowledgment for efforts.

Stage 5 - Identity vs. Identity Confusion

• Adolescents engage in exploration to form a coherent self-concept.
• Identity confusion occurs when they struggle to create a stable identity.

Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Young adulthood centers around forming intimate relationships and partnerships.
• Successful navigation of this stage leads to strong interpersonal connections.

Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation

• Generativity involves contributing to society and mentoring the next generation.
• Stagnation reflects a focus on self-absorption and lack of personal growth or contribution.

Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair

• Reflection on life prompts a review of past achievements and struggles.
• Achieving integrity entails acceptance of one’s life, while despair can result from regrets or unresolved issues.