IQ test (21-25, Aly)

Psychological Assessment

Types of Scaling and Scores

• Stanine: A method of scaling test scores on a 9-point standard scale with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2.
• Linear Transformation: A score that retains a direct numerical relationship to the original raw score.
• Non-linear Transformation: A transformation required when data is not normally distributed.
• Normalizing the distribution: Involves stretching the skewed curve into a normal curve and creating a corresponding scale of scores (Normalized Standard Score Scale).
• STEN: A scale divided into 10 units.

Hypothesis Testing

• Hypothesis Testing: A method that uses sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population.
• Alternative Hypothesis: States that there is a change, difference, or relationship.
• Null Hypothesis: States that there is no change, no difference, or no relationship.
• Alpha Level or Level of Significance: Used to define the concept of "very unlikely" in a hypothesis test.
• Critical Region: Composed of extreme values that are very unlikely to be obtained if the null hypothesis is true.
• Type I Error: The probability that a test will reject the null hypothesis when it is true.

Correlation Coefficients

• Correlation: An expression of the degree and direction of correspondence between two things.
• Correlation Coefficient: A number that provides the strength of the relationship between two things.
• Strong: Correlation coefficient ranges from +1.0 to -1.0.
• Weak: Correlation coefficient is close to 0.
• Positive: Both variables go in the same direction.
• Negative: Variables go in opposite directions.
• Pearson Correlation Coefficient/Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation: Used when two variables being correlated are continuous and linear.
• Spearman Rho/Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient/Rank-Difference Correlation Coefficient: Frequently used if the sample size is small and when both sets of measurements are in ordinal.

Regression Analysis

• Used for prediction: Predict the values of a dependent or response variable based on values of at least one independent or explanatory variable.
• Residual: The difference between an observed value of the response variable and the value of the response variable predicted from the regression line.
• The Principle of Least Squares:
• Standard Error of Estimate: Standard deviation of the residuals in regression analysis.
• Slope: Determines how much the Y variable changes when X is increased by 1 point.

ANOVA and T-Tests

• T-Test (Independent): Comparison or determining differences between two different groups/independent samples + interval/ratio scales (continuous variables).
• T-Test (Dependent)/Paired Test: One group nominal (either matched or repeated measures) + 2 treatments.
• One-Way ANOVA: 3 or more IV, 1 DV comparison of differences.
• Two-Way ANOVA: 2 IV, 1 DV.

Norms and Percentiles

• Norms: Refer to the performances by defined groups on a particular test.
• Percentiles: An expression of the percentage of people whose score on a test or measure falls below a particular raw score.
• Age Norms: Average performance of different samples of test-takers who were at various ages at the time the test was administered.
• Grade Norms: Developed by administering the test to representative samples of children over a range of consecutive grade levels.
• Developmental Norms: Developed on the basis of any trait, ability, skill, or other characteristics that is presumed to develop, deteriorate, or otherwise be affected by chronological age, school grade, or stage of life.
• National Norms: Derived from a normative sample that was nationally representative of the population at the time the norming study was conducted.
• Subgroup Norms: Normative sample can be segmented by any criteria initially used in selecting subjects for the sample.

Selection of Assessment Methods and Tools

• Identify appropriate assessment methods and tools:
  • Test
  • Interview
  • Behavioral Observation
  • Case History Data
  • Portfolio
  • Role Play
  • Computers

Intelligence Tests

• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 5th Ed. (SB-5):
  • 2-85 years old
  • Individually administered
  • Norm-referenced
  • Age scale and point-scale format
  • Originally created to identify mentally disabled children in Paris
  • Standard Scores: 100 (mean), 15 (SD)
  • Scaled Scores: 10 (mean), 3 (SD)
• Wechsler Intelligence Scales (WAIS-IV, WPPSI-IV, WISC-V):
  • WAIS (16-90 years old), WPPSI (2-6 years old), WISC (6-11)
  • Individually administered
  • Norm-referenced
  • Standard Scores: 100 (mean), 15 (SD)
  • Scaled Scores: 10 (mean), 3 (SD)
  • Addresses the weakness in Stanford-Binet
  • Could also assess functioning in people with brain injury
  • Evaluates patterns of brain dysfunction
  • Measure abilities that are likely to be lowered by brain damage
  • Useful in assessment of Alzheimer's Disease

Nonverbal Ability Test

• Purdue Non-Language Test:
  • Designed by: Joseph Tiffin, Alin Grubner, & Kay Inaba
  • Age: 13 years and above
  • Purpose: Measures mental ability through geometric forms, assesses fluid intelligence
  • Focus: Abstract reasoning
  • Format: 5 designs, two parallel forms, 48 items
  • Characteristics: Culture-fair, self-administering
• Panukat ng Katalinuhang Pilipino (PKP):
  • Designed by: Aurora R. Palacio
  • Age: 16 years and above
  • Purpose: Screens, classifies, and identifies learning needs
  • Function in Business: Predicts occupational achievement, gauging fitness for a specific job
  • Focus: Capacity to handle challenges
  • Measures: Fluid, crystallized, and generalized intelligence