100 Questions
Which transformation should be used when data are not normally distributed?
Non-linear transformation
The mean and standard deviation of STEN scores are:
5.5 and 2
What is the primary use of Pearson's correlation coefficient?
To measure the strength of the relationship between two continuous and linear variables
Which hypothesis test involves using an alpha level?
Directional hypothesis test
What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?
No correlation
The critical region in hypothesis testing is defined as:
A set of extreme values indicating rejection of the null hypothesis
Which measurement is most appropriate for ordinal data in small samples?
Spearman Rho
What aspect does the coefficient of determination evaluate?
The shared variance between two variables
A hypothesis that states there is no change, difference, or relationship is known as the:
Null hypothesis
Which score transformation scales test scores on a nine-point standard scale?
Stanine
Which type of interview involves more than one interviewer participating in the assessment?
Panel Interview
What is the primary purpose of a social case in psychological assessment?
Creating a biographical sketch
Which level of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale introduced the Mental Age concept?
1908 Scale
Which type of interview is used to address problematic behavior therapeutically during information gathering?
Motivational Interview
What variance in structured interviews is caused by vague guidelines for inclusion or exclusion?
Criterion Variance
For which population is Level A testing designed?
Anyone under the direction of a supervisor or consultant
What types of scores are generated by the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 5th Edition (SB-5)?
Standard Scores and Scaled Scores
What is the purpose of a portfolio in psychological assessments?
Evaluating future performances
What method of assessment involves visually or electronically recording actions?
Behavioral Observation
Which type of interview can include structured, unstructured, semi-structured, or non-directive formats?
Interview
What does the Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) test primarily measure?
Analytical and reasoning ability in abstract situations
Which test consists entirely of geometric forms to assess fluid intelligence?
Purdue Non-Language Test
Which test is designed to identify gifted children?
Otis-Lennon Ability Test
What does the Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test (W-GCTA) assess?
Critical thinking abilities and ethical reasoning
Which test is known for its application in personnel selection programs based on job elements?
Flanagan Industrial Tests
What is the purpose of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-II (KABC-II)?
Evaluating cognitive development in children
Which test offers insights into an individual’s strengths and weaknesses across various domains?
Differential Aptitude Scale - Fifth Edition
Which test measures episodic verbal learning and memory?
California Verbal Learning Test
Which test is a widely used aptitude test in the US?
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery
What does the Infrequency Scale (INF) primarily detect?
Random or careless responding
What is the primary use of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)?
Occupational selection, rehabilitation, and vocational counseling
Which scale is used to measure physical symptoms related to psychological distress?
Somatic Complaints (SOM)
The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) is an example of a scale that measures:
Social desirability
What does the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV) specifically assess?
Personality disorders
Which scale measures a combination of anxiety, depression, and obsessions/compulsions?
Psychopathology (Anxiety, Depression, OCD/PI)
What is a primary characteristic measured by the Hysteria scale?
Suggestibility and overemotional tendencies
Which test is used to measure personality variables with 15 specific traits?
Guilford's Temperament Survey
Which of the following scales measures deceptive or socially desirable responding?
Lie Scale (L)
What is measured by the Treatment Rejection (TRT) scale?
Subject's readiness or willingness to accept psychological or psychiatric treatment
Which scale is specifically used to indicate inconsistent responses possibly due to faking good or bad?
Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN)
Which personality trait measures the degree to which individuals have difficulty resisting their urges?
Impulsiveness (N5)
What aspect of Extraversion measures the preference for having other people around?
Gregariousness (E2)
Which subtrait of Openness to Experience measures a cognitive aspect related to intellectual curiosity?
Ideas (O5)
Which characteristic would likely be prominent in someone with low Agreeableness?
Skeptical
What does Positive Emotions (E6) in the context of Extraversion measure?
The tendency to experience positive emotions like happiness and joy
Which subtrait of Openness to Experience measures the interest in and absorption by art and beauty?
Aesthetics (O2)
Which trait would you expect to be high in someone who is talkative and socially dominant?
Extraversion
Which aspect of Extraversion measures the need for and enjoyment in high-stimulating activities?
Excitement-Seeking (E5)
What does the subtrait 'Trust (A1)' in the context of Agreeableness measure?
Confidence in another's honesty and goodness
Which personality trait involves actively seeking and appreciating experiences for their own sake?
Openness to Experience
Which of the following is designed to measure psychological hardiness?
Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS)
Which validity indicator is associated with high scores on Disclosure (X) and Debasement (Z)?
Fake Bad
What does the Inconsistency (W) index measure?
Expected consistency in responses
Which clinical syndrome is identified by persistent worry and physical symptoms?
Generalized Anxiety
Which clinical personality pattern is characterized by a tendency to avoid social interactions due to fear of criticism or rejection?
Avoidant
Which severe clinical syndrome involves delusions and hallucinations?
Schizophrenic Spectrum
What does a high score on the Desirability (Y) scale indicate?
Defensive Responding
Which index is used to identify whether a client is being open and revealing or defensive and secretive?
Disclosure (X)
Which scale focuses on assessing egotistical traits and high self-esteem?
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
Which personality pattern involves a high tendency for seeking attention and being excessively emotional?
Histrionic
Which age group is the Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS) designed for?
2 ½ to 6 ½ years old
How many items does the RCADS questionnaire contain?
47 items
What is a unique feature of the 7-Minute Screen?
Identifies patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Which subscale is not included in the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)?
Rule-Breaking Behavior
Who typically completes the forms for the BLEPP assessment?
A parent or close relative
Which of the following scales is clinician-rated?
Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)
What is the upper age limit for the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-III)?
89 years old
The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS) assesses the severity of which symptoms?
Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms
Which assessment tool is specifically designed for children aged 6 to 17 years?
Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)
Which subscale is shared by both the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) and the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)?
Panic Disorder
Which type of interpretation is most likely to be limited to subtest and subscale scores without drawing broader conclusions?
Concrete
Which function of tests is defined by using measures of the same domain to yield different results?
Complementary Function
The type of approach that has no identifiable basis and is based on feelings and instincts is:
Intuitive Approach
According to the 16 PF Factors, which global factor includes Perfectionism as one of its primary factors?
Self-Control
Which criteria is NOT part of evaluating speech/language in a mental status exam?
Evaluating personal care/hygiene
Which type of decision is made by comparing test scores to determine the highest score?
Comparative
Which factor is related to Extraversion in the 16 PF model?
Liveliness
Which of the following is a component of assessing relatedness in the Mental Status Exam?
Eye contact
In the context of interpretation of assessment information, which approach is based on research?
Empirical/Conceptual Approach
Which function of tests involves measuring different domains to broaden understanding of an examinee?
Additive Function
Which of the following dimensions is NOT part of the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)?
Sociability
What must psychologists do when providing services in areas where they lack the required competence but services are critically needed?
Provide services while making reasonable efforts to gain competence.
Who is associated with the development of the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
Hermann Rorschach
Under which condition are psychologists allowed to disclose confidential information without prior consent?
When disclosure is legally mandated.
What does the content category 'Animal Feature' refer to in the Exner System of the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
The name or class of objects being animals
Which type of people are suitable for the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)?
15 years old and older
What is an ethics violation related to cooperating with an ethics investigation?
Failing to cooperate unless deferment is requested.
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of psychologists according to ethical guidelines?
Denying advancement based on being the subject of an ethics complaint.
What is the main purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
To elicit stories about relationships and social situations
Which folk scale measures a person's overall sense of happiness and contentment?
Sense of Well-Being
What must a psychologist do before publicly commenting in media?
Ensure their comments are based on professional knowledge.
What type of response does 'Dd' refer to in the Rorschach Inkblot Test location categories?
An uncommonly described or unusual detail was used
Which of the following defines privacy in psychological assessment?
Actions of honoring an individual's control over personal information.
Which of the following tests was designed to be used with a checklist for vocational interest clarification?
Thurstone Interest Schedule
What should psychologists do when they have not yet achieved needed competence during emergencies?
Provide services until appropriate services are available.
Which of the following dimensions is measured by the Apperceptive Personality Test (APT) to address criticisms of TAT?
Psychopathology
What must be included in informed consent for research?
Clear explanation of procedures, duration, and right to withdraw.
Under which circumstance can a psychologist create public statements?
As long as they are responsible for the content.
Who developed the Hand Test specifically to measure action tendencies?
Edward Wagner
When conducting research, what must psychologists do to ensure the safety and minimize discomfort of subjects?
Justify procedures and ensure they are as safe as possible.
Study Notes
Psychological Assessment
Scaling Test Scores
- Stanine: a method of scaling test scores on a 9-point standard scale with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2
- Linear transformation: a method that retains a direct numerical relationship to the original raw score
- Non-linear transformation: required when the data under consideration are not normally distributed
- Normalizing the distribution: involves stretching the skewed curve into the shape of a normal curve and creating a corresponding scale of standard scores
Hypothesis Testing
- Hypothesis testing: a statistical method that uses a sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population
- Alternative hypothesis: states there is a change, difference, or relationship
- Null hypothesis: no change, no difference, or no relationship
- Alpha level or level of significance: used to define the concept of "very unlikely" in a hypothesis test
- Critical region: composed of extreme values that are very unlikely to be obtained if the null hypothesis is true
Directional Hypothesis Test or One-Tailed Test
- T-test: used to test hypotheses about an unknown population mean and variance
- Sample must consist of independent observations: that is, if there is no consistent, predictable relationship between the first observation and the second
- The population that is sampled must be normal; if not, use a large sample
Correlation Coefficient
- Correlation coefficient: a number that provides an index of the strength of the relationship between two things
- Correlation: an expression of the degree and direction of correspondence between two things
- Positive correlation: same direction, either both going up or both going down
- Negative correlation: inverse direction, either one goes up and the other goes down
- Zero correlation: no correlation
- Pearson correlation/Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation: used when two variables being correlated are continuous and linear
- Spearman Rho/Rank-order correlation coefficient: frequently used if the sample size is small and when both sets of measurement are in ordinal
Levels of Tests
- Level A: anyone under the direction of a supervisor or consultant
- Level B: psychometricians and psychologists only
- Level C: psychologists only
Interview
- Interview: a method of gathering information through distinct communication involving reciprocal exchange
- Can be structured, unstructured, semi-structured, or non-directive
Mental Status Examination
- Mental Status Examination: determines the mental status of the patient
Intake Interview
- Intake Interview: determines why the client came for assessment
- Chance to inform the client about the policies, fees, and process involved
Other Assessments
- Panel Interview (Board Interview): more than one interviewer participates in the assessment
- Motivational Interview: used by counselors and clinicians to gather information about some problematic behavior, while simultaneously attempting to address it therapeutically
- Portfolio: samples of one's ability and accomplishment, usually in industrial settings for evaluation of future performances
- Case History Data: refers to records, transcripts, and other accounts, in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee
- Behavioral Observation: monitoring of actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means, while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding those actions
Aptitude Tests
- Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM): measures analytical and reasoning ability in abstract and novel situations
- Purdue Non-Language Test: consists of geometric forms to measure fluid intelligence
- Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-II (KABC-II): assesses cognitive development in children and evaluates preschoolers, minority groups, and children with learning disabilities
- Differential Aptitude Scale - Fifth Edition (DAT-V): assesses an individual's aptitudes across various domains, including verbal reasoning, numerical ability, abstract reasoning, mechanical reasoning, space relations, spelling, language usage, and clerical speed and accuracy
- General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB): measures a wide range of aptitudes
Critical Thinking Test
- Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test (W-GCTA): designed to assess a person's critical thinking abilities
Mental Alertness Tests
- Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness (TMA): measures sensitivity to a range of clinical conditions
Personality Tests
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2): measures various clinical symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and obsessiveness-compulsiveness
- Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test (W-GCTA): designed to assess a person's critical thinking abilities
- NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R): measures the extent to which an individual endorses 30 facets of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality
- Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+): measures personality disorders
- Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R): measures personality traits related to psychopathy
Other Assessments
- Rorschach Inkblot Test: a projective test that uses ambiguous inkblot images to assess personality and emotional functioning
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): a projective test that uses a series of pictures to assess personality and emotional functioning
- Sentence Completion Test: a projective test that uses sentence stems to assess personality and emotional functioning### Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Developed by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray
- Suitable for individuals aged 5 and above
- Uses 31 picture cards to stimulate stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations
Children's Apperception Test (CAT)
- Developed by Bellak & Bellak
- Suitable for children aged 3-10 years old
- Uses pictures of animals engaged in various activities to stimulate projective storytelling
Hand Test
- Developed by Edward Wagner
- Suitable for individuals aged 5 years old and above
- Measures action tendencies, particularly acting out and aggressive behavior, in adults and children
- Uses 10 cards, including 1 blank card
Apperceptive Personality Test (APT)
- Developed by Holmstrom et al.
- Attempt to address criticisms of TAT
- Introduced objectivity in scoring system
- Uses 8 cards featuring male and female characters of different ages and minority group members
- Test-takers respond to multiple-choice questions
Validity/Modifying Indices
- Invalidity (V): person answers randomly
- Inconsistency (W): expected to be answered in the same direction
- Disclosure (X): measures openness and revealing responses
- Desirability (Y): measures defensive responding
- Debasement (Z): measures negative self-description
Clinical Personality Patterns
- 12 patterns:
- Schizoid
- Avoidant
- Melancholic
- Dependent
- Histrionic
- Turbulent
- Narcissistic
- Antisocial
- Sadistic
- Compulsive
- Negativistic
- Masochistic
Severe Personality Pathology
- 3 patterns:
- Schizotypal
- Borderline
- Paranoid
Clinical Syndromes
- 7 syndromes:
- Generalized Anxiety
- Somatic Symptom
- Bipolar Spectrum
- Persistent Depression
- Alcohol Use
- Drug Use
- Posttraumatic Stress
Severe Clinical Syndromes
- 3 syndromes:
- Schizophrenic Spectrum
- Major Depression
- Delusional
Validity Indicators
- 3 indicators:
- Random Responding: scores of 1 or more on the MCMI-IV Invalidity scale
- Underreporting of Difficulties (Faking Good): low scores on Disclosure (X) and Debasement (Z), high score on Desirability (Y)
- Fake Bad: high score on Disclosure (X) and high score on Debasement (Z)
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)
- Developed by Aaron Beck
- Suitable for individuals aged 13-80 years old
- 21-item self-report that measures Major Depressive symptoms according to the DSM
MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC & MAC-R)
- From MMPI-II
- Measures personality and attitude variables thought to underlie alcoholism
California Psychological Inventory (CPI-III)
- Attempts to evaluate personality in normally adjusted individuals
- Has validity scales to detect faking good and faking bad
- Measures various aspects, including interpersonal style, normative orientation, and cognitive function
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
- Measures global feelings of self-worth
- 10-item, 4-point Likert scale
- Suitable for adolescents
Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS)
- Measures psychological hardiness, defined as the ability to view stressful situations as meaningful, changeable, and challenging
Ego Resiliency Scale-Revised
- Measures ego resiliency or emotional intelligence
HOPE Scale
- Developed by Snyder
- Measures hope, which is divided into agency, pathway, and thinking
Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)
- Measures overall assessment of life satisfaction as a cognitive judgmental process
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
- Measures positive and negative affect
BLEPP
- Parent or close relatives of the child complete the form regarding the child's behavior
- 118 items regarding behavior problems
- Suitable for children aged 6-18 years old
Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS)
- Suitable for children aged 8-18 years old
- 47-item, youth self-report questionnaire
- Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale - Parent Version (RCADS-P)
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)
- Measures childhood anxiety based on parent and child reports
- Child and parent versions available
Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
- Suitable for children aged 8-15 years old
- Assesses severity of anxiety symptoms in children
- Child and parent versions available
Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS)
- Suitable for children aged 2.5-6.5 years old
- Completed by parent/guardian
Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)
- Suitable for children aged 6-17 years old
- Clinician-rated
- Measures severity of OC symptoms in children and adolescents
Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS)
- Assesses presence and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms
Children's Obsessional Compulsive Inventory-Revised Self-Report (ChOCI-R-S)
- 32-item self-report measure assessing OCD symptoms in children and adolescents aged 7-17 years
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS)
- Measures adaptive behavior in children
- Suitable for children aged 0-90 years old
Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-III)
- Measures functional skills necessary for daily living
- Suitable for children aged 0-89 years old
7-Minute Screen
- Identifies patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Strengths and Weaknesses of Assessment Tools
- Test: objective, flexible, but time-consuming and may not be suitable for crisis situations
- Interview: can gather verbal and nonverbal cues, but may be biased by the interviewer
Ethics in Psychological Assessment
- Failure to cooperate in ethics investigation is an ethics violation
- Psychologists must file complaints responsibly
- Psychologists do not deny persons employment or advancement based solely on an ethics complaint
Confidentiality vs. Privacy
- Privacy: individual's right to control who has access to their information
- Confidentiality: actions of keeping information away from unauthorized individuals
Guidelines for Gathering Information
- Obtain prior consent for recording voices or images
- Discuss limits of confidentiality with clients
- Only disclose necessary information
- Exceptions to disclosure: disguised/identity protected, consent, legally mandated
Learn about scaling test scores, including Stanine, linear transformation, non-linear transformation, and normalizing distribution in psychology.
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