Psychology: Scaling Test Scores
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Questions and Answers

Which transformation should be used when data are not normally distributed?

  • Stanine transformation
  • Linear transformation
  • Non-linear transformation (correct)
  • T-score transformation

    • The mean and standard deviation of STEN scores are:

  • 5 and 2
  • 100 and 15
  • 50 and 10
  • 5.5 and 2 (correct)

    • What is the primary use of Pearson's correlation coefficient?

  • To scale test scores on a nine-point standard scale
  • To test hypotheses about population means
  • To evaluate ordinal data in small samples
  • To measure the strength of the relationship between two continuous and linear variables (correct)

    • Which hypothesis test involves using an alpha level?

    <p>Directional hypothesis test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?

    <p>No correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The critical region in hypothesis testing is defined as:

    <p>A set of extreme values indicating rejection of the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement is most appropriate for ordinal data in small samples?

    <p>Spearman Rho</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the coefficient of determination evaluate?

    <p>The shared variance between two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hypothesis that states there is no change, difference, or relationship is known as the:

    <p>Null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which score transformation scales test scores on a nine-point standard scale?

    <p>Stanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interview involves more than one interviewer participating in the assessment?

    <p>Panel Interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a social case in psychological assessment?

    <p>Creating a biographical sketch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale introduced the Mental Age concept?

    <p>1908 Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interview is used to address problematic behavior therapeutically during information gathering?

    <p>Motivational Interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What variance in structured interviews is caused by vague guidelines for inclusion or exclusion?

    <p>Criterion Variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which population is Level A testing designed?

    <p>Anyone under the direction of a supervisor or consultant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of scores are generated by the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 5th Edition (SB-5)?

    <p>Standard Scores and Scaled Scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a portfolio in psychological assessments?

    <p>Evaluating future performances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of assessment involves visually or electronically recording actions?

    <p>Behavioral Observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interview can include structured, unstructured, semi-structured, or non-directive formats?

    <p>Interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) test primarily measure?

    <p>Analytical and reasoning ability in abstract situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test consists entirely of geometric forms to assess fluid intelligence?

    <p>Purdue Non-Language Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is designed to identify gifted children?

    <p>Otis-Lennon Ability Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test (W-GCTA) assess?

    <p>Critical thinking abilities and ethical reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is known for its application in personnel selection programs based on job elements?

    <p>Flanagan Industrial Tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-II (KABC-II)?

    <p>Evaluating cognitive development in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test offers insights into an individual’s strengths and weaknesses across various domains?

    <p>Differential Aptitude Scale - Fifth Edition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test measures episodic verbal learning and memory?

    <p>California Verbal Learning Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is a widely used aptitude test in the US?

    <p>Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Infrequency Scale (INF) primarily detect?

    <p>Random or careless responding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)?

    <p>Occupational selection, rehabilitation, and vocational counseling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale is used to measure physical symptoms related to psychological distress?

    <p>Somatic Complaints (SOM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) is an example of a scale that measures:

    <p>Social desirability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV) specifically assess?

    <p>Personality disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale measures a combination of anxiety, depression, and obsessions/compulsions?

    <p>Psychopathology (Anxiety, Depression, OCD/PI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic measured by the Hysteria scale?

    <p>Suggestibility and overemotional tendencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to measure personality variables with 15 specific traits?

    <p>Guilford's Temperament Survey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scales measures deceptive or socially desirable responding?

    <p>Lie Scale (L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured by the Treatment Rejection (TRT) scale?

    <p>Subject's readiness or willingness to accept psychological or psychiatric treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale is specifically used to indicate inconsistent responses possibly due to faking good or bad?

    <p>Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait measures the degree to which individuals have difficulty resisting their urges?

    <p>Impulsiveness (N5)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Extraversion measures the preference for having other people around?

    <p>Gregariousness (E2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtrait of Openness to Experience measures a cognitive aspect related to intellectual curiosity?

    <p>Ideas (O5)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic would likely be prominent in someone with low Agreeableness?

    <p>Skeptical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Positive Emotions (E6) in the context of Extraversion measure?

    <p>The tendency to experience positive emotions like happiness and joy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtrait of Openness to Experience measures the interest in and absorption by art and beauty?

    <p>Aesthetics (O2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait would you expect to be high in someone who is talkative and socially dominant?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of Extraversion measures the need for and enjoyment in high-stimulating activities?

    <p>Excitement-Seeking (E5)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the subtrait 'Trust (A1)' in the context of Agreeableness measure?

    <p>Confidence in another's honesty and goodness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait involves actively seeking and appreciating experiences for their own sake?

    <p>Openness to Experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is designed to measure psychological hardiness?

    <p>Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which validity indicator is associated with high scores on Disclosure (X) and Debasement (Z)?

    <p>Fake Bad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Inconsistency (W) index measure?

    <p>Expected consistency in responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical syndrome is identified by persistent worry and physical symptoms?

    <p>Generalized Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical personality pattern is characterized by a tendency to avoid social interactions due to fear of criticism or rejection?

    <p>Avoidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which severe clinical syndrome involves delusions and hallucinations?

    <p>Schizophrenic Spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high score on the Desirability (Y) scale indicate?

    <p>Defensive Responding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which index is used to identify whether a client is being open and revealing or defensive and secretive?

    <p>Disclosure (X)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale focuses on assessing egotistical traits and high self-esteem?

    <p>Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality pattern involves a high tendency for seeking attention and being excessively emotional?

    <p>Histrionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is the Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS) designed for?

    <p>2 ½ to 6 ½ years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many items does the RCADS questionnaire contain?

    <p>47 items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of the 7-Minute Screen?

    <p>Identifies patients with Alzheimer's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subscale is not included in the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)?

    <p>Rule-Breaking Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who typically completes the forms for the BLEPP assessment?

    <p>A parent or close relative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scales is clinician-rated?

    <p>Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the upper age limit for the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-III)?

    <p>89 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS) assesses the severity of which symptoms?

    <p>Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment tool is specifically designed for children aged 6 to 17 years?

    <p>Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subscale is shared by both the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) and the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)?

    <p>Panic Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interpretation is most likely to be limited to subtest and subscale scores without drawing broader conclusions?

    <p>Concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of tests is defined by using measures of the same domain to yield different results?

    <p>Complementary Function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of approach that has no identifiable basis and is based on feelings and instincts is:

    <p>Intuitive Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the 16 PF Factors, which global factor includes Perfectionism as one of its primary factors?

    <p>Self-Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criteria is NOT part of evaluating speech/language in a mental status exam?

    <p>Evaluating personal care/hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decision is made by comparing test scores to determine the highest score?

    <p>Comparative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is related to Extraversion in the 16 PF model?

    <p>Liveliness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of assessing relatedness in the Mental Status Exam?

    <p>Eye contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of interpretation of assessment information, which approach is based on research?

    <p>Empirical/Conceptual Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of tests involves measuring different domains to broaden understanding of an examinee?

    <p>Additive Function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dimensions is NOT part of the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)?

    <p>Sociability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must psychologists do when providing services in areas where they lack the required competence but services are critically needed?

    <p>Provide services while making reasonable efforts to gain competence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the development of the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

    <p>Hermann Rorschach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which condition are psychologists allowed to disclose confidential information without prior consent?

    <p>When disclosure is legally mandated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the content category 'Animal Feature' refer to in the Exner System of the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

    <p>The name or class of objects being animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of people are suitable for the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)?

    <p>15 years old and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ethics violation related to cooperating with an ethics investigation?

    <p>Failing to cooperate unless deferment is requested.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of psychologists according to ethical guidelines?

    <p>Denying advancement based on being the subject of an ethics complaint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

    <p>To elicit stories about relationships and social situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which folk scale measures a person's overall sense of happiness and contentment?

    <p>Sense of Well-Being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must a psychologist do before publicly commenting in media?

    <p>Ensure their comments are based on professional knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response does 'Dd' refer to in the Rorschach Inkblot Test location categories?

    <p>An uncommonly described or unusual detail was used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines privacy in psychological assessment?

    <p>Actions of honoring an individual's control over personal information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests was designed to be used with a checklist for vocational interest clarification?

    <p>Thurstone Interest Schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should psychologists do when they have not yet achieved needed competence during emergencies?

    <p>Provide services until appropriate services are available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dimensions is measured by the Apperceptive Personality Test (APT) to address criticisms of TAT?

    <p>Psychopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be included in informed consent for research?

    <p>Clear explanation of procedures, duration, and right to withdraw.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which circumstance can a psychologist create public statements?

    <p>As long as they are responsible for the content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the Hand Test specifically to measure action tendencies?

    <p>Edward Wagner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When conducting research, what must psychologists do to ensure the safety and minimize discomfort of subjects?

    <p>Justify procedures and ensure they are as safe as possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychological Assessment

    Scaling Test Scores

    • Stanine: a method of scaling test scores on a 9-point standard scale with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2
    • Linear transformation: a method that retains a direct numerical relationship to the original raw score
    • Non-linear transformation: required when the data under consideration are not normally distributed
    • Normalizing the distribution: involves stretching the skewed curve into the shape of a normal curve and creating a corresponding scale of standard scores

    Hypothesis Testing

    • Hypothesis testing: a statistical method that uses a sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population
    • Alternative hypothesis: states there is a change, difference, or relationship
    • Null hypothesis: no change, no difference, or no relationship
    • Alpha level or level of significance: used to define the concept of "very unlikely" in a hypothesis test
    • Critical region: composed of extreme values that are very unlikely to be obtained if the null hypothesis is true

    Directional Hypothesis Test or One-Tailed Test

    • T-test: used to test hypotheses about an unknown population mean and variance
    • Sample must consist of independent observations: that is, if there is no consistent, predictable relationship between the first observation and the second
    • The population that is sampled must be normal; if not, use a large sample

    Correlation Coefficient

    • Correlation coefficient: a number that provides an index of the strength of the relationship between two things
    • Correlation: an expression of the degree and direction of correspondence between two things
    • Positive correlation: same direction, either both going up or both going down
    • Negative correlation: inverse direction, either one goes up and the other goes down
    • Zero correlation: no correlation
    • Pearson correlation/Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation: used when two variables being correlated are continuous and linear
    • Spearman Rho/Rank-order correlation coefficient: frequently used if the sample size is small and when both sets of measurement are in ordinal

    Levels of Tests

    • Level A: anyone under the direction of a supervisor or consultant
    • Level B: psychometricians and psychologists only
    • Level C: psychologists only

    Interview

    • Interview: a method of gathering information through distinct communication involving reciprocal exchange
    • Can be structured, unstructured, semi-structured, or non-directive

    Mental Status Examination

    • Mental Status Examination: determines the mental status of the patient

    Intake Interview

    • Intake Interview: determines why the client came for assessment
    • Chance to inform the client about the policies, fees, and process involved

    Other Assessments

    • Panel Interview (Board Interview): more than one interviewer participates in the assessment
    • Motivational Interview: used by counselors and clinicians to gather information about some problematic behavior, while simultaneously attempting to address it therapeutically
    • Portfolio: samples of one's ability and accomplishment, usually in industrial settings for evaluation of future performances
    • Case History Data: refers to records, transcripts, and other accounts, in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee
    • Behavioral Observation: monitoring of actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means, while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding those actions

    Aptitude Tests

    • Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM): measures analytical and reasoning ability in abstract and novel situations
    • Purdue Non-Language Test: consists of geometric forms to measure fluid intelligence
    • Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-II (KABC-II): assesses cognitive development in children and evaluates preschoolers, minority groups, and children with learning disabilities
    • Differential Aptitude Scale - Fifth Edition (DAT-V): assesses an individual's aptitudes across various domains, including verbal reasoning, numerical ability, abstract reasoning, mechanical reasoning, space relations, spelling, language usage, and clerical speed and accuracy
    • General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB): measures a wide range of aptitudes

    Critical Thinking Test

    • Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test (W-GCTA): designed to assess a person's critical thinking abilities

    Mental Alertness Tests

    • Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness (TMA): measures sensitivity to a range of clinical conditions

    Personality Tests

    • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2): measures various clinical symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and obsessiveness-compulsiveness
    • Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test (W-GCTA): designed to assess a person's critical thinking abilities
    • NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R): measures the extent to which an individual endorses 30 facets of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality
    • Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+): measures personality disorders
    • Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R): measures personality traits related to psychopathy

    Other Assessments

    • Rorschach Inkblot Test: a projective test that uses ambiguous inkblot images to assess personality and emotional functioning
    • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): a projective test that uses a series of pictures to assess personality and emotional functioning
    • Sentence Completion Test: a projective test that uses sentence stems to assess personality and emotional functioning### Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
    • Developed by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray
    • Suitable for individuals aged 5 and above
    • Uses 31 picture cards to stimulate stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations

    Children's Apperception Test (CAT)

    • Developed by Bellak & Bellak
    • Suitable for children aged 3-10 years old
    • Uses pictures of animals engaged in various activities to stimulate projective storytelling

    Hand Test

    • Developed by Edward Wagner
    • Suitable for individuals aged 5 years old and above
    • Measures action tendencies, particularly acting out and aggressive behavior, in adults and children
    • Uses 10 cards, including 1 blank card

    Apperceptive Personality Test (APT)

    • Developed by Holmstrom et al.
    • Attempt to address criticisms of TAT
    • Introduced objectivity in scoring system
    • Uses 8 cards featuring male and female characters of different ages and minority group members
    • Test-takers respond to multiple-choice questions

    Validity/Modifying Indices

    • Invalidity (V): person answers randomly
    • Inconsistency (W): expected to be answered in the same direction
    • Disclosure (X): measures openness and revealing responses
    • Desirability (Y): measures defensive responding
    • Debasement (Z): measures negative self-description

    Clinical Personality Patterns

    • 12 patterns:
      • Schizoid
      • Avoidant
      • Melancholic
      • Dependent
      • Histrionic
      • Turbulent
      • Narcissistic
      • Antisocial
      • Sadistic
      • Compulsive
      • Negativistic
      • Masochistic

    Severe Personality Pathology

    • 3 patterns:
      • Schizotypal
      • Borderline
      • Paranoid

    Clinical Syndromes

    • 7 syndromes:
      • Generalized Anxiety
      • Somatic Symptom
      • Bipolar Spectrum
      • Persistent Depression
      • Alcohol Use
      • Drug Use
      • Posttraumatic Stress

    Severe Clinical Syndromes

    • 3 syndromes:
      • Schizophrenic Spectrum
      • Major Depression
      • Delusional

    Validity Indicators

    • 3 indicators:
      • Random Responding: scores of 1 or more on the MCMI-IV Invalidity scale
      • Underreporting of Difficulties (Faking Good): low scores on Disclosure (X) and Debasement (Z), high score on Desirability (Y)
      • Fake Bad: high score on Disclosure (X) and high score on Debasement (Z)

    Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)

    • Developed by Aaron Beck
    • Suitable for individuals aged 13-80 years old
    • 21-item self-report that measures Major Depressive symptoms according to the DSM

    MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC & MAC-R)

    • From MMPI-II
    • Measures personality and attitude variables thought to underlie alcoholism

    California Psychological Inventory (CPI-III)

    • Attempts to evaluate personality in normally adjusted individuals
    • Has validity scales to detect faking good and faking bad
    • Measures various aspects, including interpersonal style, normative orientation, and cognitive function

    Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

    • Measures global feelings of self-worth
    • 10-item, 4-point Likert scale
    • Suitable for adolescents

    Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS)

    • Measures psychological hardiness, defined as the ability to view stressful situations as meaningful, changeable, and challenging

    Ego Resiliency Scale-Revised

    • Measures ego resiliency or emotional intelligence

    HOPE Scale

    • Developed by Snyder
    • Measures hope, which is divided into agency, pathway, and thinking

    Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)

    • Measures overall assessment of life satisfaction as a cognitive judgmental process

    Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)

    • Measures positive and negative affect

    BLEPP

    • Parent or close relatives of the child complete the form regarding the child's behavior
    • 118 items regarding behavior problems
    • Suitable for children aged 6-18 years old

    Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS)

    • Suitable for children aged 8-18 years old
    • 47-item, youth self-report questionnaire
    • Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale - Parent Version (RCADS-P)
    • Measures childhood anxiety based on parent and child reports
    • Child and parent versions available

    Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)

    • Suitable for children aged 8-15 years old
    • Assesses severity of anxiety symptoms in children
    • Child and parent versions available

    Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS)

    • Suitable for children aged 2.5-6.5 years old
    • Completed by parent/guardian

    Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)

    • Suitable for children aged 6-17 years old
    • Clinician-rated
    • Measures severity of OC symptoms in children and adolescents

    Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS)

    • Assesses presence and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms

    Children's Obsessional Compulsive Inventory-Revised Self-Report (ChOCI-R-S)

    • 32-item self-report measure assessing OCD symptoms in children and adolescents aged 7-17 years

    Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS)

    • Measures adaptive behavior in children
    • Suitable for children aged 0-90 years old

    Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-III)

    • Measures functional skills necessary for daily living
    • Suitable for children aged 0-89 years old

    7-Minute Screen

    • Identifies patients with Alzheimer's Disease

    Strengths and Weaknesses of Assessment Tools

    • Test: objective, flexible, but time-consuming and may not be suitable for crisis situations
    • Interview: can gather verbal and nonverbal cues, but may be biased by the interviewer

    Ethics in Psychological Assessment

    • Failure to cooperate in ethics investigation is an ethics violation
    • Psychologists must file complaints responsibly
    • Psychologists do not deny persons employment or advancement based solely on an ethics complaint

    Confidentiality vs. Privacy

    • Privacy: individual's right to control who has access to their information
    • Confidentiality: actions of keeping information away from unauthorized individuals

    Guidelines for Gathering Information

    • Obtain prior consent for recording voices or images
    • Discuss limits of confidentiality with clients
    • Only disclose necessary information
    • Exceptions to disclosure: disguised/identity protected, consent, legally mandated

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    Learn about scaling test scores, including Stanine, linear transformation, non-linear transformation, and normalizing distribution in psychology.

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