Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which transformation should be used when data are not normally distributed?
Which transformation should be used when data are not normally distributed?
- Stanine transformation
- Linear transformation
- Non-linear transformation (correct)
- T-score transformation
The mean and standard deviation of STEN scores are:
The mean and standard deviation of STEN scores are:
- 5 and 2
- 100 and 15
- 50 and 10
- 5.5 and 2 (correct)
What is the primary use of Pearson's correlation coefficient?
What is the primary use of Pearson's correlation coefficient?
- To scale test scores on a nine-point standard scale
- To test hypotheses about population means
- To evaluate ordinal data in small samples
- To measure the strength of the relationship between two continuous and linear variables (correct)
Which hypothesis test involves using an alpha level?
Which hypothesis test involves using an alpha level?
What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?
What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?
The critical region in hypothesis testing is defined as:
The critical region in hypothesis testing is defined as:
Which measurement is most appropriate for ordinal data in small samples?
Which measurement is most appropriate for ordinal data in small samples?
What aspect does the coefficient of determination evaluate?
What aspect does the coefficient of determination evaluate?
A hypothesis that states there is no change, difference, or relationship is known as the:
A hypothesis that states there is no change, difference, or relationship is known as the:
Which score transformation scales test scores on a nine-point standard scale?
Which score transformation scales test scores on a nine-point standard scale?
Which type of interview involves more than one interviewer participating in the assessment?
Which type of interview involves more than one interviewer participating in the assessment?
What is the primary purpose of a social case in psychological assessment?
What is the primary purpose of a social case in psychological assessment?
Which level of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale introduced the Mental Age concept?
Which level of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale introduced the Mental Age concept?
Which type of interview is used to address problematic behavior therapeutically during information gathering?
Which type of interview is used to address problematic behavior therapeutically during information gathering?
What variance in structured interviews is caused by vague guidelines for inclusion or exclusion?
What variance in structured interviews is caused by vague guidelines for inclusion or exclusion?
For which population is Level A testing designed?
For which population is Level A testing designed?
What types of scores are generated by the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 5th Edition (SB-5)?
What types of scores are generated by the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 5th Edition (SB-5)?
What is the purpose of a portfolio in psychological assessments?
What is the purpose of a portfolio in psychological assessments?
What method of assessment involves visually or electronically recording actions?
What method of assessment involves visually or electronically recording actions?
Which type of interview can include structured, unstructured, semi-structured, or non-directive formats?
Which type of interview can include structured, unstructured, semi-structured, or non-directive formats?
What does the Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) test primarily measure?
What does the Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) test primarily measure?
Which test consists entirely of geometric forms to assess fluid intelligence?
Which test consists entirely of geometric forms to assess fluid intelligence?
Which test is designed to identify gifted children?
Which test is designed to identify gifted children?
What does the Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test (W-GCTA) assess?
What does the Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test (W-GCTA) assess?
Which test is known for its application in personnel selection programs based on job elements?
Which test is known for its application in personnel selection programs based on job elements?
What is the purpose of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-II (KABC-II)?
What is the purpose of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-II (KABC-II)?
Which test offers insights into an individual’s strengths and weaknesses across various domains?
Which test offers insights into an individual’s strengths and weaknesses across various domains?
Which test measures episodic verbal learning and memory?
Which test measures episodic verbal learning and memory?
Which test is a widely used aptitude test in the US?
Which test is a widely used aptitude test in the US?
What does the Infrequency Scale (INF) primarily detect?
What does the Infrequency Scale (INF) primarily detect?
What is the primary use of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)?
What is the primary use of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)?
Which scale is used to measure physical symptoms related to psychological distress?
Which scale is used to measure physical symptoms related to psychological distress?
The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) is an example of a scale that measures:
The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) is an example of a scale that measures:
What does the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV) specifically assess?
What does the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV) specifically assess?
Which scale measures a combination of anxiety, depression, and obsessions/compulsions?
Which scale measures a combination of anxiety, depression, and obsessions/compulsions?
What is a primary characteristic measured by the Hysteria scale?
What is a primary characteristic measured by the Hysteria scale?
Which test is used to measure personality variables with 15 specific traits?
Which test is used to measure personality variables with 15 specific traits?
Which of the following scales measures deceptive or socially desirable responding?
Which of the following scales measures deceptive or socially desirable responding?
What is measured by the Treatment Rejection (TRT) scale?
What is measured by the Treatment Rejection (TRT) scale?
Which scale is specifically used to indicate inconsistent responses possibly due to faking good or bad?
Which scale is specifically used to indicate inconsistent responses possibly due to faking good or bad?
Which personality trait measures the degree to which individuals have difficulty resisting their urges?
Which personality trait measures the degree to which individuals have difficulty resisting their urges?
What aspect of Extraversion measures the preference for having other people around?
What aspect of Extraversion measures the preference for having other people around?
Which subtrait of Openness to Experience measures a cognitive aspect related to intellectual curiosity?
Which subtrait of Openness to Experience measures a cognitive aspect related to intellectual curiosity?
Which characteristic would likely be prominent in someone with low Agreeableness?
Which characteristic would likely be prominent in someone with low Agreeableness?
What does Positive Emotions (E6) in the context of Extraversion measure?
What does Positive Emotions (E6) in the context of Extraversion measure?
Which subtrait of Openness to Experience measures the interest in and absorption by art and beauty?
Which subtrait of Openness to Experience measures the interest in and absorption by art and beauty?
Which trait would you expect to be high in someone who is talkative and socially dominant?
Which trait would you expect to be high in someone who is talkative and socially dominant?
Which aspect of Extraversion measures the need for and enjoyment in high-stimulating activities?
Which aspect of Extraversion measures the need for and enjoyment in high-stimulating activities?
What does the subtrait 'Trust (A1)' in the context of Agreeableness measure?
What does the subtrait 'Trust (A1)' in the context of Agreeableness measure?
Which personality trait involves actively seeking and appreciating experiences for their own sake?
Which personality trait involves actively seeking and appreciating experiences for their own sake?
Which of the following is designed to measure psychological hardiness?
Which of the following is designed to measure psychological hardiness?
Which validity indicator is associated with high scores on Disclosure (X) and Debasement (Z)?
Which validity indicator is associated with high scores on Disclosure (X) and Debasement (Z)?
What does the Inconsistency (W) index measure?
What does the Inconsistency (W) index measure?
Which clinical syndrome is identified by persistent worry and physical symptoms?
Which clinical syndrome is identified by persistent worry and physical symptoms?
Which clinical personality pattern is characterized by a tendency to avoid social interactions due to fear of criticism or rejection?
Which clinical personality pattern is characterized by a tendency to avoid social interactions due to fear of criticism or rejection?
Which severe clinical syndrome involves delusions and hallucinations?
Which severe clinical syndrome involves delusions and hallucinations?
What does a high score on the Desirability (Y) scale indicate?
What does a high score on the Desirability (Y) scale indicate?
Which index is used to identify whether a client is being open and revealing or defensive and secretive?
Which index is used to identify whether a client is being open and revealing or defensive and secretive?
Which scale focuses on assessing egotistical traits and high self-esteem?
Which scale focuses on assessing egotistical traits and high self-esteem?
Which personality pattern involves a high tendency for seeking attention and being excessively emotional?
Which personality pattern involves a high tendency for seeking attention and being excessively emotional?
Which age group is the Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS) designed for?
Which age group is the Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS) designed for?
How many items does the RCADS questionnaire contain?
How many items does the RCADS questionnaire contain?
What is a unique feature of the 7-Minute Screen?
What is a unique feature of the 7-Minute Screen?
Which subscale is not included in the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)?
Which subscale is not included in the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS)?
Who typically completes the forms for the BLEPP assessment?
Who typically completes the forms for the BLEPP assessment?
Which of the following scales is clinician-rated?
Which of the following scales is clinician-rated?
What is the upper age limit for the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-III)?
What is the upper age limit for the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-III)?
The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS) assesses the severity of which symptoms?
The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS) assesses the severity of which symptoms?
Which assessment tool is specifically designed for children aged 6 to 17 years?
Which assessment tool is specifically designed for children aged 6 to 17 years?
Which subscale is shared by both the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) and the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)?
Which subscale is shared by both the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) and the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)?
Which type of interpretation is most likely to be limited to subtest and subscale scores without drawing broader conclusions?
Which type of interpretation is most likely to be limited to subtest and subscale scores without drawing broader conclusions?
Which function of tests is defined by using measures of the same domain to yield different results?
Which function of tests is defined by using measures of the same domain to yield different results?
The type of approach that has no identifiable basis and is based on feelings and instincts is:
The type of approach that has no identifiable basis and is based on feelings and instincts is:
According to the 16 PF Factors, which global factor includes Perfectionism as one of its primary factors?
According to the 16 PF Factors, which global factor includes Perfectionism as one of its primary factors?
Which criteria is NOT part of evaluating speech/language in a mental status exam?
Which criteria is NOT part of evaluating speech/language in a mental status exam?
Which type of decision is made by comparing test scores to determine the highest score?
Which type of decision is made by comparing test scores to determine the highest score?
Which factor is related to Extraversion in the 16 PF model?
Which factor is related to Extraversion in the 16 PF model?
Which of the following is a component of assessing relatedness in the Mental Status Exam?
Which of the following is a component of assessing relatedness in the Mental Status Exam?
In the context of interpretation of assessment information, which approach is based on research?
In the context of interpretation of assessment information, which approach is based on research?
Which function of tests involves measuring different domains to broaden understanding of an examinee?
Which function of tests involves measuring different domains to broaden understanding of an examinee?
Which of the following dimensions is NOT part of the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)?
Which of the following dimensions is NOT part of the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)?
What must psychologists do when providing services in areas where they lack the required competence but services are critically needed?
What must psychologists do when providing services in areas where they lack the required competence but services are critically needed?
Who is associated with the development of the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
Who is associated with the development of the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
Under which condition are psychologists allowed to disclose confidential information without prior consent?
Under which condition are psychologists allowed to disclose confidential information without prior consent?
What does the content category 'Animal Feature' refer to in the Exner System of the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
What does the content category 'Animal Feature' refer to in the Exner System of the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
Which type of people are suitable for the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)?
Which type of people are suitable for the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)?
What is an ethics violation related to cooperating with an ethics investigation?
What is an ethics violation related to cooperating with an ethics investigation?
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of psychologists according to ethical guidelines?
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of psychologists according to ethical guidelines?
What is the main purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
What is the main purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
Which folk scale measures a person's overall sense of happiness and contentment?
Which folk scale measures a person's overall sense of happiness and contentment?
What must a psychologist do before publicly commenting in media?
What must a psychologist do before publicly commenting in media?
What type of response does 'Dd' refer to in the Rorschach Inkblot Test location categories?
What type of response does 'Dd' refer to in the Rorschach Inkblot Test location categories?
Which of the following defines privacy in psychological assessment?
Which of the following defines privacy in psychological assessment?
Which of the following tests was designed to be used with a checklist for vocational interest clarification?
Which of the following tests was designed to be used with a checklist for vocational interest clarification?
What should psychologists do when they have not yet achieved needed competence during emergencies?
What should psychologists do when they have not yet achieved needed competence during emergencies?
Which of the following dimensions is measured by the Apperceptive Personality Test (APT) to address criticisms of TAT?
Which of the following dimensions is measured by the Apperceptive Personality Test (APT) to address criticisms of TAT?
What must be included in informed consent for research?
What must be included in informed consent for research?
Under which circumstance can a psychologist create public statements?
Under which circumstance can a psychologist create public statements?
Who developed the Hand Test specifically to measure action tendencies?
Who developed the Hand Test specifically to measure action tendencies?
When conducting research, what must psychologists do to ensure the safety and minimize discomfort of subjects?
When conducting research, what must psychologists do to ensure the safety and minimize discomfort of subjects?
Study Notes
Psychological Assessment
Scaling Test Scores
- Stanine: a method of scaling test scores on a 9-point standard scale with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2
- Linear transformation: a method that retains a direct numerical relationship to the original raw score
- Non-linear transformation: required when the data under consideration are not normally distributed
- Normalizing the distribution: involves stretching the skewed curve into the shape of a normal curve and creating a corresponding scale of standard scores
Hypothesis Testing
- Hypothesis testing: a statistical method that uses a sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population
- Alternative hypothesis: states there is a change, difference, or relationship
- Null hypothesis: no change, no difference, or no relationship
- Alpha level or level of significance: used to define the concept of "very unlikely" in a hypothesis test
- Critical region: composed of extreme values that are very unlikely to be obtained if the null hypothesis is true
Directional Hypothesis Test or One-Tailed Test
- T-test: used to test hypotheses about an unknown population mean and variance
- Sample must consist of independent observations: that is, if there is no consistent, predictable relationship between the first observation and the second
- The population that is sampled must be normal; if not, use a large sample
Correlation Coefficient
- Correlation coefficient: a number that provides an index of the strength of the relationship between two things
- Correlation: an expression of the degree and direction of correspondence between two things
- Positive correlation: same direction, either both going up or both going down
- Negative correlation: inverse direction, either one goes up and the other goes down
- Zero correlation: no correlation
- Pearson correlation/Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation: used when two variables being correlated are continuous and linear
- Spearman Rho/Rank-order correlation coefficient: frequently used if the sample size is small and when both sets of measurement are in ordinal
Levels of Tests
- Level A: anyone under the direction of a supervisor or consultant
- Level B: psychometricians and psychologists only
- Level C: psychologists only
Interview
- Interview: a method of gathering information through distinct communication involving reciprocal exchange
- Can be structured, unstructured, semi-structured, or non-directive
Mental Status Examination
- Mental Status Examination: determines the mental status of the patient
Intake Interview
- Intake Interview: determines why the client came for assessment
- Chance to inform the client about the policies, fees, and process involved
Other Assessments
- Panel Interview (Board Interview): more than one interviewer participates in the assessment
- Motivational Interview: used by counselors and clinicians to gather information about some problematic behavior, while simultaneously attempting to address it therapeutically
- Portfolio: samples of one's ability and accomplishment, usually in industrial settings for evaluation of future performances
- Case History Data: refers to records, transcripts, and other accounts, in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee
- Behavioral Observation: monitoring of actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means, while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding those actions
Aptitude Tests
- Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM): measures analytical and reasoning ability in abstract and novel situations
- Purdue Non-Language Test: consists of geometric forms to measure fluid intelligence
- Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-II (KABC-II): assesses cognitive development in children and evaluates preschoolers, minority groups, and children with learning disabilities
- Differential Aptitude Scale - Fifth Edition (DAT-V): assesses an individual's aptitudes across various domains, including verbal reasoning, numerical ability, abstract reasoning, mechanical reasoning, space relations, spelling, language usage, and clerical speed and accuracy
- General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB): measures a wide range of aptitudes
Critical Thinking Test
- Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test (W-GCTA): designed to assess a person's critical thinking abilities
Mental Alertness Tests
- Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness (TMA): measures sensitivity to a range of clinical conditions
Personality Tests
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2): measures various clinical symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and obsessiveness-compulsiveness
- Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test (W-GCTA): designed to assess a person's critical thinking abilities
- NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R): measures the extent to which an individual endorses 30 facets of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality
- Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+): measures personality disorders
- Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R): measures personality traits related to psychopathy
Other Assessments
- Rorschach Inkblot Test: a projective test that uses ambiguous inkblot images to assess personality and emotional functioning
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): a projective test that uses a series of pictures to assess personality and emotional functioning
- Sentence Completion Test: a projective test that uses sentence stems to assess personality and emotional functioning### Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Developed by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray
- Suitable for individuals aged 5 and above
- Uses 31 picture cards to stimulate stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations
Children's Apperception Test (CAT)
- Developed by Bellak & Bellak
- Suitable for children aged 3-10 years old
- Uses pictures of animals engaged in various activities to stimulate projective storytelling
Hand Test
- Developed by Edward Wagner
- Suitable for individuals aged 5 years old and above
- Measures action tendencies, particularly acting out and aggressive behavior, in adults and children
- Uses 10 cards, including 1 blank card
Apperceptive Personality Test (APT)
- Developed by Holmstrom et al.
- Attempt to address criticisms of TAT
- Introduced objectivity in scoring system
- Uses 8 cards featuring male and female characters of different ages and minority group members
- Test-takers respond to multiple-choice questions
Validity/Modifying Indices
- Invalidity (V): person answers randomly
- Inconsistency (W): expected to be answered in the same direction
- Disclosure (X): measures openness and revealing responses
- Desirability (Y): measures defensive responding
- Debasement (Z): measures negative self-description
Clinical Personality Patterns
- 12 patterns:
- Schizoid
- Avoidant
- Melancholic
- Dependent
- Histrionic
- Turbulent
- Narcissistic
- Antisocial
- Sadistic
- Compulsive
- Negativistic
- Masochistic
Severe Personality Pathology
- 3 patterns:
- Schizotypal
- Borderline
- Paranoid
Clinical Syndromes
- 7 syndromes:
- Generalized Anxiety
- Somatic Symptom
- Bipolar Spectrum
- Persistent Depression
- Alcohol Use
- Drug Use
- Posttraumatic Stress
Severe Clinical Syndromes
- 3 syndromes:
- Schizophrenic Spectrum
- Major Depression
- Delusional
Validity Indicators
- 3 indicators:
- Random Responding: scores of 1 or more on the MCMI-IV Invalidity scale
- Underreporting of Difficulties (Faking Good): low scores on Disclosure (X) and Debasement (Z), high score on Desirability (Y)
- Fake Bad: high score on Disclosure (X) and high score on Debasement (Z)
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)
- Developed by Aaron Beck
- Suitable for individuals aged 13-80 years old
- 21-item self-report that measures Major Depressive symptoms according to the DSM
MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC & MAC-R)
- From MMPI-II
- Measures personality and attitude variables thought to underlie alcoholism
California Psychological Inventory (CPI-III)
- Attempts to evaluate personality in normally adjusted individuals
- Has validity scales to detect faking good and faking bad
- Measures various aspects, including interpersonal style, normative orientation, and cognitive function
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
- Measures global feelings of self-worth
- 10-item, 4-point Likert scale
- Suitable for adolescents
Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS)
- Measures psychological hardiness, defined as the ability to view stressful situations as meaningful, changeable, and challenging
Ego Resiliency Scale-Revised
- Measures ego resiliency or emotional intelligence
HOPE Scale
- Developed by Snyder
- Measures hope, which is divided into agency, pathway, and thinking
Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)
- Measures overall assessment of life satisfaction as a cognitive judgmental process
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
- Measures positive and negative affect
BLEPP
- Parent or close relatives of the child complete the form regarding the child's behavior
- 118 items regarding behavior problems
- Suitable for children aged 6-18 years old
Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS)
- Suitable for children aged 8-18 years old
- 47-item, youth self-report questionnaire
- Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale - Parent Version (RCADS-P)
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)
- Measures childhood anxiety based on parent and child reports
- Child and parent versions available
Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
- Suitable for children aged 8-15 years old
- Assesses severity of anxiety symptoms in children
- Child and parent versions available
Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS)
- Suitable for children aged 2.5-6.5 years old
- Completed by parent/guardian
Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)
- Suitable for children aged 6-17 years old
- Clinician-rated
- Measures severity of OC symptoms in children and adolescents
Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS)
- Assesses presence and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms
Children's Obsessional Compulsive Inventory-Revised Self-Report (ChOCI-R-S)
- 32-item self-report measure assessing OCD symptoms in children and adolescents aged 7-17 years
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS)
- Measures adaptive behavior in children
- Suitable for children aged 0-90 years old
Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-III)
- Measures functional skills necessary for daily living
- Suitable for children aged 0-89 years old
7-Minute Screen
- Identifies patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Strengths and Weaknesses of Assessment Tools
- Test: objective, flexible, but time-consuming and may not be suitable for crisis situations
- Interview: can gather verbal and nonverbal cues, but may be biased by the interviewer
Ethics in Psychological Assessment
- Failure to cooperate in ethics investigation is an ethics violation
- Psychologists must file complaints responsibly
- Psychologists do not deny persons employment or advancement based solely on an ethics complaint
Confidentiality vs. Privacy
- Privacy: individual's right to control who has access to their information
- Confidentiality: actions of keeping information away from unauthorized individuals
Guidelines for Gathering Information
- Obtain prior consent for recording voices or images
- Discuss limits of confidentiality with clients
- Only disclose necessary information
- Exceptions to disclosure: disguised/identity protected, consent, legally mandated
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Description
Learn about scaling test scores, including Stanine, linear transformation, non-linear transformation, and normalizing distribution in psychology.
