Psychology Research Methods
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Questions and Answers

What is one key factor that influences perception according to the content?

  • Physical health
  • Neurotransmitter levels
  • Cultural backgrounds (correct)
  • Genetic predisposition

Which area of psychology studies the relationship between thoughts and behavior?

  • Social Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Personality Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology (correct)

What does the Five Factor model of personality include?

  • Openness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Conscientiousness (correct)
  • Stability, Change, Growth, and Decline
  • Empathy, Resilience, Cooperation, and Altruism
  • Introversion, Assertiveness, Flexibility, and Dominance

Which psychological area focuses on changes across the lifespan?

<p>Developmental Psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is illustrated by the duck-rabbit illusion?

<p>Variability in perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social psychology primarily differ from personality psychology?

<p>One focuses on individual traits while the other emphasizes group behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the content suggest about personality traits?

<p>They are relatively stable throughout the lifespan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a growing focus in developmental psychology?

<p>Later-life development due to aging populations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major concern was raised by Milgram's obedience experiment?

<p>It raised ethical concerns regarding psychological research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the emphasis of humanism in psychology?

<p>An emphasis on the potential for personal growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the biopsychosocial model used in health psychology?

<p>It examines the interaction of psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did B.F. Skinner develop for studying animal behavior?

<p>The Skinner box. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of industrial-organizational psychology?

<p>To improve hiring decisions and workplace environments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clinical psychology is primarily concerned with which of the following?

<p>Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with Carl Rogers' therapeutic approach?

<p>Cognitive restructuring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the idea of the innate language acquisition device?

<p>Noam Chomsky. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sport and exercise psychology generally focuses on which aspect?

<p>Mental focus and performance anxiety in sports. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes counseling psychology from clinical psychology?

<p>Counseling psychology deals with emotionally healthy individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of psychology did Abraham Maslow focus on?

<p>Self-actualization and hierarchy of needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of social psychology?

<p>Human interactions and relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does WEIRD stand for in cultural psychology?

<p>Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which figure is associated with the development of cognitive therapy for depression?

<p>Aaron Beck. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological theories are encompassed within clinical psychology?

<p>A range of approaches including psychoanalytic, humanistic, and behavioral therapies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of George Miller's work?

<p>Short-term memory capacity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Wilhelm Wundt's psychology?

<p>Examining conscious experience through introspection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological theory emphasizes the function of mental processes in adapting to the environment?

<p>Functionalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key concept is associated with Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

<p>Unconscious mind (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism was levied against Edward Titchener's method in structuralism?

<p>It was overly subjective due to introspection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is highlighted in Gestalt psychology?

<p>The whole is different from the sum of its parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did John B. Watson reject in his approach to behaviorism?

<p>Introspection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is known for conducting the famous experiment with dogs and classical conditioning?

<p>Ivan Pavlov (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of Freud's theory of personality?

<p>Self-actualization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the democratic process in psychological research?

<p>Encouragement of skepticism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pioneer is known for developing self-report questionnaires?

<p>Francis Galton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT used in measuring happiness according to modern approaches?

<p>Annual income measures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of psychology is considered a challenge to its scientific status?

<p>Many phenomena are not directly observable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of organizational psychology?

<p>Enhancing productivity and job satisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the field of psychological science evolved over time?

<p>Refined methods and findings over approximately 150 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statistical tools are emphasized in current psychological research?

<p>Advanced statistical analyses and study designs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is widely researched for its effectiveness in treating depression?

<p>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of experimental research?

<p>Manipulates an independent variable to observe effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation does experimental research often face?

<p>It may lack ecological validity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does correlational research differ from experimental research?

<p>It passively observes relationships between variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of scientific inquiry in psychology?

<p>It involves testing hypotheses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the saying 'seeing is believing' challenge in psychology?

<p>The necessity of data in scientific inquiry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a strength of using multiple research methods in psychological inquiry?

<p>It allows for a more comprehensive understanding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Uri Geller's phenomenon demonstrate about scientific inquiry?

<p>Replication of abilities is crucial under controlled scientific scrutiny. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key features of correlational research?

<p>Utilizes positive and negative correlation coefficients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Wundt's Introspection

A method where people observe and describe their own conscious experiences as objectively as possible.

Functionalism

James' approach to psychology focusing on how mental processes help us adapt to our environment.

Structuralism

Titchener's approach to identify the basic elements (structures) of mental processes.

Unconscious Mind (Freud)

The part of the mind containing thoughts, feelings, and memories that we are unaware of.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning through association of a stimulus with a response.

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Gestalt Psychology

The idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts (how we perceive things).

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Behaviorism

A school of psychology that studies only observable behaviors, rejecting introspection.

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Psychoanalysis (Freud)

A method to explore the unconscious mind, by techniques like free association, dream analysis, and talking cure.

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Operant Conditioning

A learning process where behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences.

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Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's theory that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

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Client-Centered Therapy

A humanistic therapy approach that emphasizes the client's ability to heal themselves with a focus on empathy and acceptance.

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Cognitive Revolution

A shift in psychology from focusing solely on behavior to studying mental processes.

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Innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Chomsky's concept suggesting humans have an internal mechanism for learning language.

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Short-Term Memory Capacity

The amount of information that can be held in short-term memory at any given time.

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Multicultural Psychology

The study of how culture shapes behavior and mental processes.

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Francis Cecil Sumner

First African American to receive a PhD in psychology.

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What is Sensation?

The process of receiving sensory information from the environment and transmitting it to the brain.

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What is Perception?

The process of interpreting and organizing sensory information to make sense of the world.

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Duck-Rabbit Illusion

An example showing how perception can change even with the same sensory information.

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Cognitive Psychology

The study of mental processes and their relationship to behavior.

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Developmental Psychology

The study of changes in physical, cognitive, moral, and social capabilities across the lifespan.

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Five Factor Model of Personality

A theory that describes five major personality traits: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness.

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Personality Psychology

The study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make individuals unique.

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Social Psychology

The study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others.

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Milgram's Obedience Experiment

A famous study showing that people tend to obey authority figures, even when asked to do something harmful.

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Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Applying psychology principles to workplace settings, improving hiring practices, and creating productive work environments.

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Biopsychosocial Model

A model in health psychology that recognizes how biology, psychology, and social factors all interact to affect health.

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Sport and Exercise Psychology

The study of how psychology influences sport and exercise performance, motivation, and mental well-being.

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Clinical Psychology

Focuses on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders and problems in behavior patterns.

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Psychoanalytic Approach

A theoretical approach to psychology focused on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior, developed by Sigmund Freud.

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Humanistic Approach

A psychological perspective that emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the individual's potential.

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Democratic Process in Science

Scientific inquiry involves open discussions and debates to critically evaluate observations, theories, and data. Skepticism is encouraged, and competing findings are published to determine the most accurate information.

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Cumulative Knowledge in Science

Scientific progress builds upon previous discoveries. Each generation of scientists benefits from the knowledge and findings of those who came before them.

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Challenges of Studying Psychology

Many psychological phenomena, such as emotions and thoughts, are not directly observable, posing challenges for scientific study. This has led to skepticism about the scientific status of psychology.

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Early Focus on Behavior

Early psychologists used observable behavior to infer internal states and mental processes. For example, observing someone's friendly or shy behavior could provide clues about their personality.

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Uri Geller Phenomenon

A famous example of someone claiming to have psychic powers who was exposed by scientific scrutiny.

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Francis Galton's Contributions

Francis Galton, a pioneer in psychology, developed self-report questionnaires, studied individual differences, and pioneered twin studies to explore nature vs nurture.

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Science and Observation

The basis of scientific inquiry relies on systematic, intentional study of the natural world, with observations forming the foundation.

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Modern Approaches to Measuring Happiness

Psychologists employ multiple methods to measure happiness, including self-reports, peer reports, memory measures, and biological markers like cortisol levels and brain activity.

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Current State of Psychological Science

Psychology is a relatively young science, with most major findings emerging in the last 60 years. The field is constantly evolving, with ongoing development and refinement of research methods.

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Experiment

A research method that manipulates an independent variable to observe its effects on a dependent variable.

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Random Assignment

A crucial element of experiments where participants are randomly assigned to different groups to ensure fairness and minimize bias.

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Usefulness of Psychological Science

Psychological research provides insights to improve our lives. It informs interventions for better living, like therapy for depression, and helps improve organizational practices for increased productivity and satisfaction.

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Control Group

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or manipulation being tested, used as a baseline for comparison.

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Double-Blind Procedure

A research technique where neither the researchers nor the participants know which group is receiving a treatment.

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Correlational Research

Observes relationships between variables without manipulating them.

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Ecological Validity

The degree to which research findings can be generalized to real-world settings.

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Study Notes

Psychology Research Methods

  • Psychology research uses scientific methods to study human behavior and mental processes
  • Research is based on observation, data collection, and analysis
  • Different research designs exist with pros and cons
  • Best research uses a variety of data collection methods

Types of Research Designs

  • Experimental Research

    • Manipulates one variable (independent variable) to observe its effect on another variable (dependent variable)
    • Uses random assignment to groups
    • Allows for causal inferences and establishing cause and effect relationships
    • Can control confounding variables
    • Prone to lack ecological validity, might not mirror real-world settings

  • Correlational Research

    • Observes relationships between two or more variables without manipulation
    • Measures strength and direction of relationships using correlation coefficients(r)
    • Cannot establish causality
    • Can study variables that aren't conveniently manipulated
    • Vulnerable to the third-variable problem

  • Qualitative Designs

    • Participant Observation: Researcher immersed in a group to understand behavior.
    • Case Studies: Intensive in-depth analysis of a particular case.
    • Narrative Analysis: Examination of stories and personal accounts to understand meaning and experiences.

  • Quasi-Experimental Designs

    • Similar to experiments but lacks random assignment
    • Useful for studying variables that cannot be manipulated ethically or practically
    • Difficult to establish causal relationships due to potentially pre-existing group differences

  • Longitudinal Studies

    • Tracks the same people over an extended period
    • Useful for understanding developmental trends and long-term effects
    • Time-consuming and expensive; participant attrition can be a problem

Key Concepts

  • Variables
    • Independent Variable: Manipulated by the researcher.
    • Dependent Variable: Measured outcome.
  • Random Assignment
    • Crucial to ensure groups are equivalent
    • Helps control for extraneous variables
  • Confounds
    • Extraneous variables that could influence results
    • Need to be controlled to ensure validity
  • Correlation Coefficient (r)
    • Measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables
    • Ranges from -1 to +1
    • Sign (positive or negative) represents direction of the relationship
  • Surveys
    • Uses questionnaires or online platforms
    • Useful for collecting large amounts of data at low cost
    • Vulnerable to biases introduced by self-reporting and have low response rates

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Description

This quiz explores the scientific methods used in psychology research to study human behavior and mental processes. It covers various research designs, including experimental and correlational research, focusing on their strengths and limitations. Assess your understanding of data collection and analysis techniques.

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