Psychology Chapter 1: Research Methods

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an alternative to the scientific method?

  • Controlled experimentation (correct)
  • Personal experience
  • Intuition
  • Authority/expert opinion

What is the primary focus of behavioral research?

  • Developing new technologies
  • Investigating human and animal behavior (correct)
  • Understanding the physical world
  • Analyzing economic trends

Which type of research method involves manipulating variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships?

  • Qualitative
  • Relational
  • Descriptive
  • Experimental (correct)

What does the term 'extra-empirical factors' refer to in research?

<p>Factors that influence research beyond scientific evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis-generating heuristic?

<p>A mental shortcut for generating research ideas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cycle of discovery and justification work in research?

<p>Generating hypotheses based on observations and testing them through experiments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial element of a good researcher?

<p>Being able to communicate findings effectively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good researcher?

<p>Lack of skepticism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to investigate the effect of caffeine on test performance. What would be the dependent variable?

<p>The test performance score (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT essential for a good scientific theory?

<p>Popularity among researchers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of ethical guidelines in research?

<p>To ensure that research is conducted responsibly and ethically (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher proposes a study involving participants with diagnosed anxiety. What should they obtain before starting the study?

<p>An informed-consent agreement signed by the participants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an obstacle to achieving full justice in research?

<p>Confidentiality protocols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a researcher establish a relationship of trust with research participants?

<p>By providing clear communication, respecting confidentiality, and treating participants ethically (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A research study that violates ethical guidelines may compromise:

<p>Both its scientific and ethical quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A research proposal should include all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>A detailed budget for conducting the research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an ethical responsibility when writing up research?

<p>Using deception to obtain the desired results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research involves observing and recording information about a phenomenon, without manipulating any variables?

<p>Descriptive research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Andrews observed that people on the train were either on their phones, reading books, or looking out the window. What type of research is this an example of?

<p>Descriptive research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of research, what is the purpose of falsification?

<p>To actively seek out evidence that could disprove a hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the method of authority and the scientific method?

<p>The method of authority relies on expert opinions and tradition, while the scientific method relies on empirical evidence and systematic testing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an analogical thinking heuristic?

<p>A researcher observes that a new drug seems to work well in animal studies, so they propose to test it on humans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of debriefing participants in a research study?

<p>To ensure participants have a clear understanding of the research and address any potential harm or confusion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major ethical principle typically adhered to in animal research?

<p>Maximizing the number of animals used in each study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Research methods

Systematic procedures for conducting studies to gather data and knowledge.

Empirical reasoning

Drawing conclusions based on observation, experimentation, and evidence rather than theories.

Behavioral research

Study of human and animal behavior, including cognitive processes and emotions.

Cycle of discovery

An iterative process of discovering new information and justifying it through research.

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Hypothesis-generating heuristics

Mental shortcuts that help develop testable hypotheses, like analogies or pattern recognition.

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Serendipity in research

Fortunate discoveries that arise unexpectedly during scientific inquiry.

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Extra-empirical factors

Cultural, ethical, and social influences that shape research processes and results.

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Descriptive to experimental research

A progression in research methods from observing behaviors to manipulating variables for cause-and-effect.

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Theory vs. Hypothesis

A theory is a broad explanation; a hypothesis is a testable prediction.

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Defining Variables

Conceptual definition explains the meaning; operational defines how to measure it.

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Characteristics of Good Theories

Good theories are falsifiable, simple, comprehensive, and well-supported by evidence.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment to assess its effects.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured to see the effect of the independent variable.

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Research Proposal Components

Includes introduction, research question, hypothesis, methodology, expected outcomes, and ethics.

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Informed Consent Agreement

Details study purpose, risks, and benefits so participants voluntarily agree to join.

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Ethics in Research

Ensures responsible conduct, protecting participant rights and promoting transparency.

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Deception in Research

Deception may be justified if necessary for the study, non-harmful and followed by debriefing.

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Debriefing Purpose

Informs participants about the study's true purpose and any deception used, ensuring transparency.

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Animal Research Ethics

Guidelines ensure humane treatment, minimize harm, and justify the use of animals.

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Ethical Responsibilities in Research

Includes honesty in reporting, source acknowledgment, and transparency of methodology and results.

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Descriptive Research

Research that involves observing and recording information about a phenomenon.

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Relational Research

Involves comparing two or more variables to find relationships between them.

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Falsification

The process of seeking information that disproves a theory or assumption.

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Dependent vs Independent Variable

Dependent variable depends on the independent variable, which is manipulated in a study.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Research Methods and Data Analysis

  • Research methods and data analysis are crucial for rigorous, reliable studies leading to informed conclusions and decisions.
  • Alternatives to the scientific method include intuition, expert opinion, personal experience, cultural norms, and anecdotal evidence.
  • Empirical reasoning bases conclusions on observation, experimentation, and evidence, rather than just theory.
  • Behavioral research observes, measures, and analyzes behavior to test hypotheses based on data.
  • Extra-empirical factors like culture, ethics, and social influences affect research conduct, interpretation, and application.
  • Behavioral research covers topics like human and animal behavior, cognitive processes, emotions, social interactions, and psychological disorders.
  • Research progresses from descriptive methods (observing behaviors) to relational methods (examining correlations) and experimental methods (manipulating variables to test cause-and-effect).
  • Good researchers are curious, ethical, methodical, critical thinkers, excellent communicators, and receptive to feedback.

Chapter 2: Cycle of Discovery and Justification

  • The cycle of discovery and justification involves discovering new information and justifying it through experimentation, analysis, and peer review.
  • Hypothesis-generating heuristics are mental shortcuts like analogy and pattern recognition for generating testable hypotheses.
  • Serendipity plays a role in unexpected discoveries during research, but should not replace systematic inquiry.
  • Literature searches should utilize academic databases like Google Scholar or PubMed, relevant keywords, and reviewing abstracts/citations of pertinent studies.

Chapter 3: Ethical Guidelines in Research

  • Ethical guidelines ensure research is conducted responsibly and protects participants' rights, while promoting transparency and accountability.
  • Informed consent agreements ensure participants voluntarily participate after being informed about the study's purpose, risks, and benefits.
  • Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) review research proposals for ethical standards, approving, modifying, or rejecting them based on ethical concerns.
  • Obstacles to ethical research include resource constraints, biases, conflicts of interest, and lacking awareness of ethical issues.
  • Trust in research is built through transparency, respect, clear communication, confidentiality, and ethical treatment of participants.
  • Ethical research upholds scientific integrity by ensuring valid, reliable findings and preventing ethical compromise.
  • Deception in research can be justified if it's necessary for the study, no reasonable alternatives exist, and participants are debriefed afterwards.

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