Chapter 1. Experimental Psychology

As psychologist, we take a scientific approach to understanding behavior, and our knowledge about psychological processes is based on _______accumulated through research.

It is a content and a process

It is a scientific technique used to collect and evaluate data

It is a facts we gather using scientific method

It is a nonscientific data gathering that shapes our expectations and beliefs and directs our behavior toward others.

It is a belief about behavior are derived from data we collect from our own experience and what we have learned from others.

It is a belief about behavior can be unreliable, and the explanations and predictions that we derive from them are likely to be imperfect.

Its the use of information to explain or predict behavior

People misuses data to estimate the probability of an event, like when a slot machine will pay off.

This is the mistaken belief that past random events affect the likelihood of future independent events.

Falsely assume that specific behaviors cluster together due to shared group membership.

This is the tendency to assign generalized traits to individuals based on their membership in a particular group.

It is the tendency to seek out, interpret, and remember information that supports pre-existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

Feel more confident about our conclusions than is warranted by available data. It can result in erroneous conclusions when we dont recognize the limitations of supporting data.

It is often make unwanted dispositional attributes and underuse situational information. It can reduce the accuracy of our explanations and predictions.

This bias involved overemphasizing personality traits as explanation for behavior while underestimating situational factors.

This occurs when individuals overestimate their knowledge, ability, or accuracy in judgments.

This assumes that behavior follows a natural order (patterns and principles) and can be predicted.

This assumption is essential to science. There is no point to using the scientific method to gather and analyze data if there is no implied order or connection.

If order ( patterns and principles) exists, then it can be described in a systematic way by collecting data that are observable or experienced

It consists of statements generally expressed as equations with few variables that have overwhelming empirical support.

These laws are useful in the physical science

It is an interim explanation; a set of related statements used to explain and predict phenomena.

This is an integrate diverse data, explain behavior, and predict new instances of behavior.

It is critical to the scientific method. We engage to this when data collection and interpretation are systematic, objective, and rational.

An aspect of good thinking, stating that a simplest explanation is preferred until ruled out by conflicting evidence; also known as occams razor

Modern scientist accept their uncertainty of their own conclusions. Changes in scientific explanations and theories are an extremely important part of scientific progress.

It is an exact or systematic repetition of a study.

It increases our confidence in experimental results by adding to the weight of supporting evidence.

The objectives of psychological science

It is a systematic and unbiased account of observed characteristics of behaviors.

It is the capability if knowing in advance when certain behaviors should occur.

It is the knowledge of the conditions that reliably produce a behavior

It uses a scientific knowledge to influence behavior.

It addresses real-world problems like how to improve students graduation rates/ latane and colleagues findings on factory worker productivity.

The tools of psychology science

It is the systematic noting and recording of events

It means that the procedures are consistently applied

The events or their signs must be observable. Observations must be objective so that there can be strong agreement among raters.

It assigns numbers to objects, events, or their characteristics. This is an inherent feature of quantitative research.

They measured anger and depression using numerical scales.

It is the process we use to test the predictions we call hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationship. This is not always possible because our predictions must be testable.

We must be able to manipulate the independent variable and measure its effect on the dependent variable. Ethical concerns or technological limitations may prevent this.

An experiment required that we create at least _________ and randomly assign subjects to these conditions. In psychology experiments, we control extraneous variable so that we can measure "what we intend to measure"

Experiments establish a ________ because causes must precede effect. However, not all prior events are causes.

Philosophy and physiology

It is any field of study that gives the appearance of being scientific, but had no true scientific basis and has not been confirmed using the scientific method.

Modern ______ include past life regression, reparenting, and rebirthing.

All circumstances that occur or exist before the event or behavior to be explained; also called____

Research designed to test theories or to explain psychological phenomena

The relationship between a particular behavior and a set of antecedents that always precedes it- whereas other antecedents do not- so that the set is inferred to cause the behavior

It is a nonscientific collection of psychological data used to understand the social world and guide our behavior.

Facts and figures gathered from observations in research.

Data is the plural form of the LATIN word, _____, so to be correct we say that data are gathered rather than that data is gathered.

Data that are observable of experienced;capable of being verified or disproved through investigation.

The process undertaken to demonstrate that particular behavior events will occur reliably in certain specific conditions;a principal tool of the scientific method.

Organized and rational thoughts, characterized by open-mindedness, objectivity, and parsimony

A controlled procedure in which at least two different treatment conditions are applied to subjects whose behaviors are then measured and compared to test a hypothesis about the effects of the treatments on behavior.