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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is not one of the 4 D's of Psychological Disorder?
Which of the following is not one of the 4 D's of Psychological Disorder?
What does the term 'prevalence' refer to in the context of psychological disorders?
What does the term 'prevalence' refer to in the context of psychological disorders?
Which Axis in DSM-IV deals with Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation?
Which Axis in DSM-IV deals with Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation?
Which of the following is not a criterion for determining abnormal behavior?
Which of the following is not a criterion for determining abnormal behavior?
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What does the term 'syndrome' refer to in the context of psychological disorders?
What does the term 'syndrome' refer to in the context of psychological disorders?
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Clinical Psychology primarily focuses on:
Clinical Psychology primarily focuses on:
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What is the process of determining whether a particular problem meets all criteria for a psychological disorder called?
What is the process of determining whether a particular problem meets all criteria for a psychological disorder called?
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Which term refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning that interferes with daily functioning?
Which term refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning that interferes with daily functioning?
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In the DSM-IV, what does Axis I classify?
In the DSM-IV, what does Axis I classify?
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What does 'epidemiology' study?
What does 'epidemiology' study?
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What precedes compulsions in individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
What precedes compulsions in individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
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Which disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with an imagined defect?
Which disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with an imagined defect?
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What is NOT a feature of Hoarding Disorder?
What is NOT a feature of Hoarding Disorder?
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What is the main characteristic of Primary Gain in psychological disorders?
What is the main characteristic of Primary Gain in psychological disorders?
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Which disorder might involve hair pulling triggered by anxiety or boredom?
Which disorder might involve hair pulling triggered by anxiety or boredom?
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Which of the following disorders must persist for at least 4 weeks in children for a diagnosis?
Which of the following disorders must persist for at least 4 weeks in children for a diagnosis?
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Which condition involves repeated skin-picking behaviors?
Which condition involves repeated skin-picking behaviors?
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Which disorder is typically associated with a lack of speech in socially expected settings?
Which disorder is typically associated with a lack of speech in socially expected settings?
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Which disorder is often associated with a preoccupation that the body build is too small?
Which disorder is often associated with a preoccupation that the body build is too small?
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In which disorder is a hallmark physical response blushing?
In which disorder is a hallmark physical response blushing?
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What is commonly co-morbid with Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
What is commonly co-morbid with Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
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Which disorder involves an irrational fear of a specific object or situation?
Which disorder involves an irrational fear of a specific object or situation?
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What is a common comorbidity for Separation Anxiety Disorder in children?
What is a common comorbidity for Separation Anxiety Disorder in children?
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Which feature is NOT associated with Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
Which feature is NOT associated with Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
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Which anxiety disorder is often chronic and can lead to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
Which anxiety disorder is often chronic and can lead to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
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What kind of experiences commonly precede compulsions in individuals with OCD?
What kind of experiences commonly precede compulsions in individuals with OCD?
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Which disorder is often diagnosed along with Social Anxiety due to lack of speaking?
Which disorder is often diagnosed along with Social Anxiety due to lack of speaking?
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Which risk factor is NOT mentioned for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Which risk factor is NOT mentioned for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
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What activity abnormalities are seen in children with Selective Mutism during vocalization?
What activity abnormalities are seen in children with Selective Mutism during vocalization?
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Which anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent concerns about more attacks or their consequences?
Which anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent concerns about more attacks or their consequences?
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What is a key component of Lewinsohn's Behavioral Theory of depression?
What is a key component of Lewinsohn's Behavioral Theory of depression?
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In the diathesis-stress model, what does 'diathesis' refer to?
In the diathesis-stress model, what does 'diathesis' refer to?
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Which factor is described as reducing the severity of problems in the diathesis-stress model?
Which factor is described as reducing the severity of problems in the diathesis-stress model?
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What is the main purpose of forgetting according to the content?
What is the main purpose of forgetting according to the content?
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What type of interference makes you forget new information due to previously learned material?
What type of interference makes you forget new information due to previously learned material?
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How does epigenetics explain changes in how genes work?
How does epigenetics explain changes in how genes work?
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What is learned helplessness typically associated with?
What is learned helplessness typically associated with?
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What does the depressive cognitive triad include according to Aaron T. Beck?
What does the depressive cognitive triad include according to Aaron T. Beck?
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What is an example of an 'evocative gene-environment correlation'?
What is an example of an 'evocative gene-environment correlation'?
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What type of memory requires conscious retrieval of information?
What type of memory requires conscious retrieval of information?
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Which disorder is characterized by a fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help might not be available during a panic attack?
Which disorder is characterized by a fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help might not be available during a panic attack?
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Which disorder is identified by excessive worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months?
Which disorder is identified by excessive worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months?
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Which disorder requires exposure to actual or threatened death, injury, or sexual violence?
Which disorder requires exposure to actual or threatened death, injury, or sexual violence?
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Which disorder is characterized by emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressor within 3 months of its onset?
Which disorder is characterized by emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressor within 3 months of its onset?
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Which disorder involves a child's active approach and interaction with unfamiliar adults?
Which disorder involves a child's active approach and interaction with unfamiliar adults?
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Which disorder is indicated by persistent symptoms lasting more than 12 months in a child with a history of severe social neglect?
Which disorder is indicated by persistent symptoms lasting more than 12 months in a child with a history of severe social neglect?
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Which disorder involves a persistent and excessive activation of the fear circuit?
Which disorder involves a persistent and excessive activation of the fear circuit?
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If symptoms persist for more than 1 month after trauma exposure and meet the criteria for PTSD, which disorder is diagnosed?
If symptoms persist for more than 1 month after trauma exposure and meet the criteria for PTSD, which disorder is diagnosed?
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Which disorder involves exposure to trauma and lasts between 3 days to 1 month?
Which disorder involves exposure to trauma and lasts between 3 days to 1 month?
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Which disorder is distinct from ADHD and is characterized by a child's willingness to interact with unfamiliar adults?
Which disorder is distinct from ADHD and is characterized by a child's willingness to interact with unfamiliar adults?
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What is the key characteristic of 'Death Seekers'?
What is the key characteristic of 'Death Seekers'?
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Which of the following is an example of a sociogenic factor?
Which of the following is an example of a sociogenic factor?
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According to the Family Systems Theory, the behavior of an individual is best understood in the context of:
According to the Family Systems Theory, the behavior of an individual is best understood in the context of:
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What is the belief behind 'Death Initiators'?
What is the belief behind 'Death Initiators'?
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Which perspective asserts that each culture within a larger society has its own set of values and beliefs?
Which perspective asserts that each culture within a larger society has its own set of values and beliefs?
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Which group is more likely to remain depressed longer according to the content?
Which group is more likely to remain depressed longer according to the content?
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Which term corresponds to the belief that personal online relationships mirror offline relationships?
Which term corresponds to the belief that personal online relationships mirror offline relationships?
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What does the Active Gene-Environment theory suggest?
What does the Active Gene-Environment theory suggest?
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Study Notes
Normality and Abnormality
- Recognizing normal and abnormal manifestations of behavior:
- Psychological disorder: associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
- 4 D's of psychological disorder:
- Dysfunction: breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
- Distress or impairment: individual is extremely upset and cannot function properly.
- Deviance: deviates from the average or the norm of the culture.
- Dangerousness: creates potential harm to self or others.
Criteria for Determining Abnormal Behavior
- Normal behavior: one that is like other people in society.
- Normality:
- Is social conformity.
- Is personal comfort.
- Is a process.
- Criteria for determining abnormal behavior:
- Norm-violation.
- Statistical rarity.
- Personal discomfort.
- Deviation.
- Maladaptiveness.
Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis
- Clinical assessment: systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors.
- Diagnosis: process of determining whether a problem meets all criteria for a psychological disorder.
- Epidemiology: study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors.
- Prevalence:
- Number of active cases in a population during a given period.
- Point prevalence: proportion of actual cases in a population at a given point.
- 1-year prevalence: everyone who experienced a disorder at any point in time throughout the entire year.
- Lifetime prevalence: estimate of people who have had a disorder at any time in their lives.
DSM-IV Axis
- Axis I: Clinical disorder.
- Axis II: Personality disorders and mental retardation.
- Axis III: General medical conditions.
- Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems.
Abnormal Psychology
- Disorders:
- Agoraphobia: developed after a person has unexpected panic attacks, fear in two or more situations.
- Generalized anxiety disorder: excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months.
- Posttraumatic stress disorder: exposure to actual death, injury, or sexual violence.
- Acute stress disorder: exposure to trauma, 3 days to 1 month after trauma exposure.
- Adjustment disorder: development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to identifiable stressors.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Obsessions: intrusive and mostly nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges.
- Compulsions: thoughts or actions used to suppress the obsessions and provide relief.
- Sensory phenomena: physical experiences that precede compulsions.
- Common features:
- Avoid people, places, and things that trigger OC.
- Accommodation: involvement of family and friends in compulsive rituals.
- Risks: perinatal events, premature birth, tobacco use during pregnancy, sexual and physical abuse.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Preoccupation with some imagined defect.
- Imagined ugliness.
- Associated with high levels of anxiety, social avoidance, depressed mood, and perfectionism.
- Can be co-morbid with eating disorders, MDD, social anxiety, and substance-related disorders.
Hoarding
- Difficulty discarding or parting with possessions.
- Associated with indecisiveness, perfectionism, avoidance, and procrastination.
Excoriation
- Skin-picking.
- Note delusion or tactile hallucination.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
- One or more symptoms cause distress and disruption of daily life.
- Chronic, influenced by the number of symptoms, age, level of impairment, and comorbidity.
Anxiety Disorders
- Separation anxiety disorder: concerns with real or imagined separating from attachment figures.
- Selective mutism: rare childhood disorder, characterized by a lack of speech in one or more setting.
- Specific phobia: irrational fear of a specific object or situation.
- Social anxiety disorder: fear or anxiety about possible embarrassment or scrutiny.
- Panic disorder: cannot be diagnosed unless full symptom panic attacks were experienced.
Lewinsohn's Behavioral Theory
- Depression is caused by a combination of stressors and a lack of personal skills.
- Diathesis-stress model: individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress.
Gene-Environment Interaction
- Gene-environment correlation model: people might have genetically determined tendency to create the environment risk factors that trigger a genetic vulnerability.
- Epigenetics: study of how behavior and environment can cause changes that affect genes work.
- Reciprocal gene-environment model: claims that people with a genetic predisposition to a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental factors that promote the disorder.
Levels-of-Processing Theory
- Degree to which new materials is mentally analyzed.
- Implicit memory: can be recalled automatically without thinking.
- Explicit memory: requires conscious retrieval of information.
Forgetting
- Permits us to form general impressions and recollections.
- Helps us avoid being burdened and distracted by trivial stores of meaningless data.
- Failure of encoding: failure to pay attention and place information in memory.
- Decay: loss of information due to non-use.
- Cue-dependent forgetting: insufficient retrieval cues.
Interference
- Proactive interference: learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material.
- Retroactive interference: difficulty in recalling info learned earlier because of later exposure to different material.
Learned Helplessness
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If they learn that nothing they do helps them avoid the shocks, they eventually become helpless, give up, and manifest an animal equivalent of depression.
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Anxiety is the first response to a stressful situation.
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The depressive attributional style is internal, stable, and global.### Abnormal Psychology: Depression
-
Depression may result from a tendency to interpret everyday events in a negative way, leading to cognitive errors in thinking negatively about oneself, their immediate world, and their future.
Suicide
- Genetic makeup may affect the reactions of other people to a child, influencing the kind of social environment they will experience.
- Active Gene-Environment Interaction: children's genotype influences the kinds of environment they seek.
Sociogenic Factors
- Unemployment
- Poverty
- Crime
- Poor Educational Level
Social Interactions and Interpersonal Factors
- People who are isolated and lack social support or intimacy in their lives are more likely to become depressed when under stress and to remain depressed longer.
- People's online relationships tend to parallel their offline relationships.
Family Systems Theory
- Family is a system of interacting parts who interact with one another in consistent ways and follow rules unique to each family.
- Structure and communication patterns of some families can force individual members to behave in a way that otherwise seems abnormal.
Multicultural Perspective
- Each culture within a large society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the behavior and functioning of its members.
- An individual's behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is best understood in the light of the individual's unique cultural context.
Types of Suicide
- Death Seekers: clearly intend to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide, may last only a short time.
- Death Initiators: clearly intend to end their lives, but they act out of a belief that the process is already underway and that they are simply hastening the process.
- Death Ignorers: do not believe that they are attempting to end their lives, even though they engage in self-destructive behaviors.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
This quiz explores the differences between normal and abnormal behavior, including the 4 D's of psychological disorders and psychological dysfunction. Test your understanding of psychological disorders and their effects on daily functioning.
