Psychology Quiz

The empirical approach in psychology is based on observing, investigating, and experimenting to find valid research. It typically involves quantitative methods, such as collecting and analyzing numerical data. Researchers use this approach to gather objective evidence and draw conclusions about behavior and mental processes.

Overt behaviors are noticeable and can be observed by others, such as how a person acts. For example, shouting in anger is an overt behavior. Covert behaviors are internal and not easily seen by others, such as how a person feels. An example of covert behavior is feeling anxious or stressed.

Behaviorism focuses on how the environment shapes our behavior. It strictly studies observable behaviors and does not consider internal mental processes. Behaviorists view behavior as a response to environmental stimuli. Research methods used in behaviorism include direct observation and experimentation to understand the relationship between specific behaviors and environmental factors.

The four main steps of the Scientific Approach are: 1) Measure, 2) Understand, 3) Make a testable hypothesis, and 4) Collect and analyze data.

Two advantages of the Scientific Approach are: 1) Clarity and Precision, and 2) Intolerance to Error.

Three areas of specialization in psychology are: 1) Clinical, 2) Counselling, and 3) Industrial & Organizational.

Critical thinking is the use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome. Some skills associated with critical thinking are: applying rules of formal and informal logic, analyzing arguments for a conclusion, and careful evaluation of the quality of information.

Behaviourism and psychoanalytic approaches are considered 'dehumanizing' because they focus solely on external behaviors or sexual urges, neglecting the complex and unique aspects of human experience and consciousness.

The four main perspectives in psychology mentioned in the text are biological, cognitive, evolutionary, and positive psychology.

The three main steps of the Scientific Approach are measurement, understanding, and conducting a study. Measurement involves learning how to measure behavior, understanding refers to researching and comprehending the topic of study, and conducting a study involves formulating a testable hypothesis, selecting a suitable research method, collecting and analyzing data, and publishing the findings after undergoing rigorous peer review.

Two advantages of using the Scientific Approach in psychological research are clarity and precision in defining and measuring variables, and an intolerance to error, ensuring that findings are reliable and valid.

The main areas of specialization in psychology mentioned in the text are developmental psychology, social psychology, educational psychology, health psychology, clinical psychology, counseling psychology, and industrial & organizational psychology.