Questions and Answers
Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.
the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.
their own conscious experience
Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.
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A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principles of ________.
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Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?
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What is the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first?
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Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.
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In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?
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In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.
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Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?
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Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?
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Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
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Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.
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What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
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In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study?
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According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?
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Psychology refers to the _____________.
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A(n) ________, also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments.
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Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.
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The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.
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What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.
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Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?
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Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.
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Which of the following is one of the reasons that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?
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________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.
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Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?
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The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.
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A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.
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________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.
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The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.
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A negative correlation means ________.
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Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?
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A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
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The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.
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Dr.Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.
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The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________.
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What research design will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?
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An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.
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Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.
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A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.
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Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.
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Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.
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In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.
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________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.
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Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.
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Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.
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Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.
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What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks a group of participants over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?
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________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.
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Study Notes
Hypothesis and Experimental Design
- A hypothesis is defined as a tentative explanation.
- Experimental design allows for cause-and-effect conclusions.
- Independent and dependent variables: independent variable influences the dependent variable.
- Confounding variables can impact both variables and create misleading results.
- Attrition refers to participant dropout affecting study integrity.
Psychological Perspectives
- Functionalist psychologists examine behavior as a whole rather than isolated parts.
- Structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and humanism are key psychological perspectives, ordered chronologically.
- Gestalt psychology emphasizes that the whole experience differs from the sum of its parts.
- Criticism of structuralism includes its high level of subjectivity in research methods.
Areas of Specialization in Psychology
- Developmental psychology studies changes in attributes and behavior across the lifespan.
- Clinical psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders.
- Social psychology examines interpersonal behaviors and conflicts.
- Industrial-organizational psychology studies workplace environments to enhance productivity.
Key Historical Figures
- Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig.
- Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the U.S.
- Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology.
Research Methods in Psychology
- The cognitive revolution shifted focus toward understanding mental processes underlying behavior.
- Jane Goodall used naturalistic observation to study chimpanzee behavior.
- Case studies provide an in-depth understanding of unique behaviors, such as those of conjoined twins.
- Surveys allow research with large populations and can be conducted through various methods.
Reliability and Validity in Research
- Validity refers to the accuracy of research findings.
- Inter-rater reliability assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.
- The replication crisis highlights issues with reproducibility of research findings.
Cognitive and Social Theories
- Jean Piaget's theories focus on cognitive development, not emotional abilities.
- Illusory correlation reflects a perceived connection that isn't supported by evidence.
Bias and Cognitive Processes
- Confirmation bias involves favoring information that supports pre-existing beliefs.
- The scientific method advances psychological knowledge through structured, repeatable steps.
Longitudinal Studies
- Longitudinal research tracks participants over time to observe changes and trends in behavior or attributes.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards for Psychology PY201 Exam 1. This quiz covers key definitions and concepts in psychology, focusing on hypothesis, functionalism, and introspection. Perfect for review before the exam!
