Questions and Answers
What is the definition of punishment?
What is an example of positive punishment?
Spanking
What is negative punishment?
Reduction or elimination of favorable or pleasant stimuli as a consequence of a behavior
What is an example of negative punishment?
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What is positive reinforcement?
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What is an example of positive reinforcement?
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What is negative reinforcement?
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What is an example of negative reinforcement?
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What are the types of reinforcement?
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What is fixed-interval reinforcement?
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What is fixed-ratio reinforcement?
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What is variable-interval reinforcement?
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What is variable-ratio reinforcement?
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What does vicarious reinforcement mean?
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What is self-reinforcement?
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Study Notes
Punishment
- Aims to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring through manipulation of stimuli.
Positive Punishment
- Involves introducing aversive outcomes to reduce a behavior.
Example of Positive Punishment
- Spanking is an application of positive punishment.
Negative Punishment
- Entails the removal of pleasurable stimuli to discourage behavior.
Example of Negative Punishment
- Time out serves as an example of negative punishment.
Reinforcement
- Designed to increase the chances of a behavior being repeated by manipulating stimuli.
Positive Reinforcement
- Occurs when favorable outcomes are provided as a result of a behavior.
Example of Positive Reinforcement
- Receiving good grades exemplifies positive reinforcement.
Negative Reinforcement
- Involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli to encourage a behavior.
Example of Negative Reinforcement
- An example is taking an aspirin to relieve a headache, leading to continued usage of the medication.
Types of Punishment
- Presentation punishment ("Type I"): e.g., After school detention.
- Removal punishment ("Type II"): e.g., No TV for a week.
Fixed-Interval Reinforcement
- Provides reinforcement after a predetermined time period has elapsed.
Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement
- Offers reinforcement after a specific number of responses is achieved.
Variable-Interval Reinforcement
- Reinforcement occurs at unpredictable time intervals.
Variable-Ratio Reinforcement
- Reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses.
Types of Reinforcement
- Includes direct, vicarious, and self-reinforcement.
Direct Reinforcement
- Occurs when an individual is reinforced or punished as a direct result of their behavior.
Vicarious Reinforcement
- Takes place when a person observes someone else being rewarded or punished for a behavior.
Self-Reinforcement
- Involves self-observation where individuals reward or punish themselves based on their actions.
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Description
Explore the concepts of punishment and reinforcement in psychology through these flashcards. Understand the definitions and examples of positive and negative punishment, and how they influence behavior. Ideal for students studying behavior modification and learning theories.
