Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the role of a 'cue' in animal training?
Which of the following best describes the role of a 'cue' in animal training?
- A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior in the future.
- A stimulus that, when removed, increases the likelihood of a behavior.
- An undesirable outcome imposed to deter unwanted actions.
- A signal given immediately before a desired behavior to prompt its performance. (correct)
What is the primary difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
What is the primary difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
- Positive reinforcement aims to decrease a behavior, while negative reinforcement aims to increase it.
- Positive reinforcement always involves a pleasant stimulus, while negative reinforcement always involves an unpleasant stimulus.
- Positive reinforcement is more effective than negative reinforcement in all situations.
- Positive reinforcement involves adding a stimulus, while negative reinforcement involves removing a stimulus. (correct)
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies positive punishment?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies positive punishment?
- Administering a spray of water to a cat when it jumps on the counter. (correct)
- Removing a dog's favorite toy when it barks excessively.
- Taking away screen time from a child for completing their homework.
- Giving a treat to a cat when it uses its scratching post.
What distinguishes negative punishment from negative reinforcement?
What distinguishes negative punishment from negative reinforcement?
Which of the following best describes what is required for a trait to be considered adaptive?
Which of the following best describes what is required for a trait to be considered adaptive?
What is the likely outcome if an animal's basic needs are consistently unmet?
What is the likely outcome if an animal's basic needs are consistently unmet?
What is the definition of 'reinforcer'?
What is the definition of 'reinforcer'?
Which answer best describes the purpose of punishment
Which answer best describes the purpose of punishment
Which scenario exemplifies how extremes in behavior can lead to an imbalance in fulfilling an animal's needs?
Which scenario exemplifies how extremes in behavior can lead to an imbalance in fulfilling an animal's needs?
How does domestication potentially impair an animal's ability to adapt to environmental challenges?
How does domestication potentially impair an animal's ability to adapt to environmental challenges?
What is a primary requirement for behavioral adaptation to effectively occur in response to environmental changes?
What is a primary requirement for behavioral adaptation to effectively occur in response to environmental changes?
Which of the following methods for measuring behavioral adaptation is most susceptible to subjectivity and limitations in recall?
Which of the following methods for measuring behavioral adaptation is most susceptible to subjectivity and limitations in recall?
How might the scheduling of feeding times contribute to behavioral problems in domestic animals?
How might the scheduling of feeding times contribute to behavioral problems in domestic animals?
Which scenario exemplifies an adaptation that benefits a species as a whole, even if potentially detrimental to individual organisms?
Which scenario exemplifies an adaptation that benefits a species as a whole, even if potentially detrimental to individual organisms?
A population of insects is exposed to a new pesticide. Initially, most insects are susceptible, but over several generations, a significant portion develops resistance. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
A population of insects is exposed to a new pesticide. Initially, most insects are susceptible, but over several generations, a significant portion develops resistance. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely cause a behavioral problem due to the physical structure of an animal's environment?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely cause a behavioral problem due to the physical structure of an animal's environment?
What is the most likely outcome in a bird species where the genetic variability for beak size is very low and a drastic change in available food occurs, favoring larger, tougher seeds?
What is the most likely outcome in a bird species where the genetic variability for beak size is very low and a drastic change in available food occurs, favoring larger, tougher seeds?
An animal showing aggression, resisting touch, and resisting being handled around its mouth is MOST likely experiencing which medical issue?
An animal showing aggression, resisting touch, and resisting being handled around its mouth is MOST likely experiencing which medical issue?
A species of bird has two distinct feeding strategies: ground feeding and flight feeding. Over time, the ground-feeding birds develop stronger, thicker beaks, while the flight-feeding birds develop longer, more slender beaks. This is an example of what?
A species of bird has two distinct feeding strategies: ground feeding and flight feeding. Over time, the ground-feeding birds develop stronger, thicker beaks, while the flight-feeding birds develop longer, more slender beaks. This is an example of what?
A dog that is suddenly slow to sit, unwilling to jump, and avoids using the stairs may be suffering from:
A dog that is suddenly slow to sit, unwilling to jump, and avoids using the stairs may be suffering from:
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a 'conservative trait'?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a 'conservative trait'?
A new invasive plant species is introduced to an island ecosystem. This plant rapidly spreads, outcompeting native species for resources. What is the most likely consequence for the native animal populations that depend on those plants?
A new invasive plant species is introduced to an island ecosystem. This plant rapidly spreads, outcompeting native species for resources. What is the most likely consequence for the native animal populations that depend on those plants?
Why is survival not always a direct result of natural selection?
Why is survival not always a direct result of natural selection?
Which of the following is a necessary condition for a trait to be considered an adaptation?
Which of the following is a necessary condition for a trait to be considered an adaptation?
Flashcards
Cue (in animal training)
Cue (in animal training)
A signal that tells an animal what to do.
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Consequences that make a behavior more likely to occur.
Reinforcer
Reinforcer
A stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior after a cue.
Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Punishment
Punishment
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Positive Punishment
Positive Punishment
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Negative Punishment
Negative Punishment
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Adaptation
Adaptation
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Adapted Traits
Adapted Traits
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Conservative Traits
Conservative Traits
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Adapted Traits
Adapted Traits
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Conservative traits
Conservative traits
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Basic Necessities Of Animals
Basic Necessities Of Animals
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Population Explosion
Population Explosion
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Behavioral Adaptation
Behavioral Adaptation
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Inherent Plasticity
Inherent Plasticity
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Learning
Learning
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Visual Observations
Visual Observations
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Behavioral Recording
Behavioral Recording
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Scheduling (Environment)
Scheduling (Environment)
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Arthritis (Behavioral Impact)
Arthritis (Behavioral Impact)
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Study Notes
Cue
- A cue can be a whistle, word, or hand gesture
- Cues signal to animals the task you want them to perform
- It's a signal given right before the desired behavior
- Responding to a cue grants access to a reinforcer like a treat or toy
- Consistent cue usage creates an association between the cue and reward
Reinforcement
- Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior in the future
- It typically occurs in the presence of an antecedent stimulus
- A reinforcer is a stimulus that, when presented after a cue-triggered behavior, increases the likelihood of that behavior repeating
Types of Reinforcement
- Positive reinforcement involves adding an appetitive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior.
- This quadrant is considered most efficient, humane, and communicative
Punishment
- Punishment involves adding an aversive stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior.
- Negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus (-) to increase the frequency of a behavior.
- Negative punishment involves removing an appetitive stimulus (-) to decrease the frequency of a behavior.
- Negative reinforcement is removing a negative stimulus when the desired behavior is achieved
- Positive reinforcement is adding a positive stimulus when the desired behavior is achieved
- Punishment is imposing an undesirable outcome on an individual or group as a deterrent.
- Positive punishment is adding a negative stimulus to decrease an unwanted behavior
- Negative punishment is removing a positive stimulus to decrease behavior frequency
Adaptation
- Adaptation is the evolutionary process of natural selection that fits organisms to their environment
- Enhancing evolutionary fitness
- It allows organisms to adapt to environmental restraints and pass survival traits to offspring
- Adapted traits must be heritable and alterative
- Demonstrate how the trait increases fitness compared to alternatives
- Adaptations aren't always beneficial to individuals, but can benefit the species
Natural Selection
- Natural selection involves the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to phenotype differences
- Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist known for his contributions to evolutionary biology
- He studied behaviors that increase species survival
- Trial and error in the gene that carried the trait
- Ground feeding birds and flight feeding birds developed different beaks based on their diets
Conservative Traits
- Conservative traits do not readily change over time
- Due to selective pressure or no countervailing pressures
- Mostly changes within species, where competition exists
- Survival is not always a result of natural selection
- Lack of genetic variability or sudden environmental changes can result in extinction
Basic Necessities of Animals
- Animals need food, water, air, shelter, mates, avoidance of predators.
- They prioritize needs based on the situation
- Extremes in behavior can cause an imbalance in accomplishing these needs
- Domestication has led some animals to avoid detrimental stimuli are lost
Population Explosions
- Population explosions occur when all environmental factors are conducive to species survival.
- Factors like starvation, disease, predators, and natural disasters influence population size.
Behavioral Adaptation
- Changes in behavior over time
- Requires the behavior to be adaptable (inherent plasticity)
- Learning is essential for behavioral adaptation
Measuring Behavioral Adaptation
- Visual observations can be used
- Visual observations has limitations in objectivity, recall, and time
- Recording animal behavior can involve video or film with remote sensors
Environmental Causes of Behavioral Problems in Animals
- Scheduling issues
- Physical structure of the home, yard, or cage
- Presence of problem stimuli
- Presence of other animals
- Lack of supervision
Behavioral Problems in Animals Due to Medical Problems
- Aggression, resisting touch, tossing head due to Ear infection
- Aggression, resisting touch, resisting bit due to Dental pain
- Noncompliance, not following instructions
- Hearing issue
- Slower sits, not eager to move, resists change in position, refusing jumps, avoiding stairs, reluctant to play, refusal to take a certain lead
- Arthritis, pain in limbs
- Increase or decrease in activity and overall behavior change.
- This can be a side effect from medication
- Constant scratching and chewing, removal of feathers
Other Medical Issues Causing Behavioral Changes
- Stress and anxious, Hair and skin problems like fleas, allergies, mites, dermatitis
- Non compliance and aggression
- Pain
- Pushy to get food or suddenly raiding the garbage
- Tapeworms
- Lethargy
- Systemic illness
- Sexual mounting and bladder accident
- Problems with a prostate in a male dog.
- Bowel accidents
- Intestinal parasites and disorientation
- Confusion
- Problems with the central nervous system.
- Lethargy, excessive begging, feeling, food rating, garbage and eating feces
- Nutritional deficiencies.
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Description
Explore animal training techniques, including cues, reinforcement, and punishment. Understand how cues signal desired behaviors and the role of positive and negative reinforcement in shaping behavior. Learn about the impact of adding or removing stimuli to either increase or decrease particular behavior.
