Questions and Answers
Who included positive and negative reinforcement into behaviorism?
B.F. Skinner
What term did B.F. Skinner coin?
Operant conditioning
What did Charles Spearman believe about intelligence?
It could be measured by a single, general factor (g)
What type of memory did George Sperling study?
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What procedure did Roger Sperry use to study split brain patients?
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What is the triarchic theory of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg?
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Who created the Stanford-Binet IQ test?
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What principle did Edward Thorndike pioneer in operant conditioning?
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What concept did Edward Tolman extensively study?
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What is the zone of proximal development according to Lev Vygotsky?
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What did John B. Watson study in his experiments?
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What did Ernst Weber discover about the just-noticeable difference?
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What did David Wechsler create?
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Who discovered the brain area responsible for interpreting speech?
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Who became president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1905?
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What psychological perspective did Max Wertheimer contribute to?
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What hypothesis did Benjamin Whorf theorize?
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What discovery is Torsten Wiesel known for?
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What treatment method did Joseph Wolpe develop for phobias?
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Who set up the first psychological laboratory?
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What study did Phillip Zimbardo conduct with college students?
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Who focused on the conscious role of the ego and believed that fear of failure motivates people?
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Which psychologist is known for researching attachment styles in infants?
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What did Gordon Allport identify as the three types of personality traits?
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Solomon Asch discovered that people will always agree with the group.
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What is the Bobo doll experiment known for?
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Which psychologist is known for the theory of parenting styles?
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What does Aaron Beck's cognitive triad refer to?
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Who created the first intelligence test to diagnose learning disabilities?
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Thomas Bouchard studied identical twins raised apart and found similarities in IQ.
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What did Walter Cannon and Philip Bard propose about the thalamus?
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Which psychologist developed the 16 PF test?
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What did Nancy Chodorow disagree with in Freud's theories?
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Noam Chomsky theorized that humans learn language without any innate principles.
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The big five personality traits include ________ and emotional stability.
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Who developed rational emotive behavior therapy?
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What does Carl Rogers emphasize in his therapeutic approach?
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What phenomenon did John Darley and Bibb Latane discover?
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Who is known for the theory of multiple intelligences?
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William James authored the first psychology textbook.
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What is the main focus of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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The General Adaptation Syndrome was described by ________ to explain stress.
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Study Notes
Key Psychologists and Their Contributions
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Alfred Adler: Focused on the ego's role; emphasized fear of failure and desire for success; introduced the impact of birth order on personality.
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Mary Ainsworth: Researched infant attachment styles (secure, avoidant, anxious/ambivalent) through novel situations.
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Gordon Allport: Identified three types of personality traits—cardinal, central, and secondary dispositions.
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Solomon Asch: Found that about one-third of people conform to group opinions, even if obviously incorrect.
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Albert Bandura: Known for observational learning; explored personality as an interaction of traits, environment, and behavior; introduced self-efficacy.
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Diana Baumrind: Developed a parenting styles theory categorizing into permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian.
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Aaron Beck: A pioneer of cognitive therapy; highlighted negative thinking in depression using the cognitive triad concept.
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Alfred Binet: Created the first intelligence test for diagnosing learning disabilities; introduced the concept of mental age.
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Thomas Bouchard: Studied identical twins' IQ similarities in various environments, indicating genetic influences on intelligence.
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Paul Broca: Identified Broca's area in the left frontal lobe, crucial for language production.
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Walter Cannon and Philip Bard: Proposed that emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously from the thalamus.
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Raymond Cattell: Developed the 16 PF personality test to assess 16 fundamental traits in individuals.
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Nancy Chodorow: Challenged Freud's theories, proposing womb envy and offering a different perspective on gender and personality.
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Noam Chomsky: Proposed the innateness hypothesis; suggested a built-in language acquisition device in humans.
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Paul Costa and Robert McCrae: Created the Big Five personality traits: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and emotional stability.
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Mary Cover Jones: Known as the "mother of behavior therapy"; developed counterconditioning techniques.
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John Darley and Bibb Latane: Discovered the bystander effect, highlighting that more witnesses lead to decreased individual intervention.
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Charles Darwin: Introduced the theory of natural selection; influenced psychology by connecting instincts to behavior.
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Hermann Ebbinghaus: Demonstrated the serial position effect in memory, recalling items better at the beginning and end of lists.
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Albert Ellis: Created rational emotive behavior therapy, which focuses on changing irrational beliefs to improve emotional issues.
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Erik Erikson: Developed eight psychosocial stages of development, highlighting identity crises at each stage.
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Hans Eysenck: Classifying personalities along introversion-extraversion and stable-unstable dimensions.
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Gustav Fechner: Contributed to the just-noticeable difference theory, related to sensory perception.
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Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith: Conducted cognitive dissonance experiments showing monetary compensation affects attitude change.
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Margaret Floy Washburn: First woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.
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Sigmund Freud: Founded psychoanalysis; emphasized the unconscious mind and dream interpretation in therapy.
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Francis Galton: Pioneered intelligence studies and the use of statistics in psychological research.
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John Garcia: Showed that certain associations (e.g., taste aversion) are more readily formed than others in rats.
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Howard Gardner: Proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, and interpersonal intelligences.
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Michael Gazzaniga: Researched split-brain patients, contributing to understanding lateralization of brain functions.
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Eleanor Gibson: Conducted the visual cliff experiment to study depth perception in infants.
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Carol Gilligan: Suggested that moral reasoning differs by gender; boys view it as absolute and girls focus on contextual factors.
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Daniel Goleman: Advocated for emotional intelligence (EQ), highlighting its importance alongside IQ for success.
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G. Stanley Hall: First president of the APA; pioneered child development studies.
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Hippocrates: Proposed that biological factors influence personality through the balance of bodily humors.
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Harry Harlow: Conducted attachment studies with monkeys, emphasizing the importance of contact comfort.
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Ernest Hilgard: Explained hypnosis through dissociation theory; tested pain perception under hypnosis.
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Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe: Created the Social Readjustment Rate Scale (SRRS) for measuring stress through life events.
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Karen Horney: Critiqued Freud's theories and introduced concepts like womb envy, focusing on female psychology.
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David Hubel: Discovered neuron groups in the visual cortex that respond to different visual stimuli.
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Lenore Jacobson: Documented the self-fulfilling prophecy effect in education, showing teachers' expectations influence student performance.
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William James: Authored the first psychology textbook; established functionalism and emphasized the biological basis of emotion.
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Irving Janis: Studied group dynamics, introducing the concept of "groupthink."
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Virginia Johnson: Co-researched the sexual response cycle, contributing to sexual psychology.
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Carl Jung: Developed psychodynamic theory; differentiated between personal and collective unconscious.
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George Kelly: Proposed that individuals create their own systems of personal constructs to interpret experiences.
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Harold Kelley: Developed attribution theory concerning how people attribute causes to behavior.
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Alfred Kinsey: Documented a range of human sexual behaviors, challenging myths about sexuality.
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Robert Koelling: Collaborated with Garcia on taste aversion experiments in animals.
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Lawrence Kohlberg: Researched moral reasoning in boys; established stages of moral development.
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Wolfgang Kohler: Demonstrated insight learning in chimpanzees, studying problem-solving behavior.
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Carl Lange: Proposed a theory linking physiological changes to emotional experiences.
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Richard LaPiere: Investigated the disparity between attitudes and behaviors in social settings.
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Elizabeth Loftus: Showed that repressed memories could often be inaccurate or fabricated.
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Konrad Lorenz: Researched imprinting in baby birds, highlighting critical periods for attachment.
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Alexander Luria: Studied extraordinary memory abilities, contributing to our understanding of memory types.
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Abraham Maslow: Developed the hierarchy of needs, emphasizing the role of fulfillment and self-actualization in motivation.
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William Masters: Collaborated on research documenting sexual response cycles; associated personal relationships with his research.
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Stanley Milgram: Conducted obedience experiments revealing the willingness of individuals to follow authority figures.
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George Miller: Studied short-term memory capacity, defining it as roughly seven items.
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Ivan Pavlov: Known for classical conditioning studies involving dogs and salivation responses.
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Fritz Perls: Developed Gestalt therapy, focusing on integrating thoughts and feelings into a cohesive self.
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Jean Piaget: Proposed a four-stage theory of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
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Rosalie Rayner: Co-researched the Little Albert experiment on emotional conditioning with John Watson.
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Robert Rescorla: Expanded classical conditioning theories, stressing the role of cognition in learning predictability.
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Carl Rogers: Advocate for humanistic psychology; created client-centered therapy emphasizing empathy and unconditional positive regard.
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David Rosenhan: Conducted a study on the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses, illustrating the stigma of mental illness.
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Robert Rosenthal: Collaborated on the Pygmalion effect study concerning teacher expectations and student performance.
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Julian Rotter: Introduced the concepts of internal and external locus of control in personality psychology.
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Stanley Schachter: Developed the two-factor theory of emotion, linking physiological and cognitive aspects.
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Martin Seligman: Researched learned helplessness and its implications for understanding depression.
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Hans Seyle: Known as the father of stress research; introduced the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model of stress response.
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William Sheldon: Proposed body types correlate with personality traits but was criticized for its lack of scientific basis.
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Muzafer Sherif: Conducted studies demonstrating how group dynamics can foster biases and promote unity through shared goals.
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B.F. Skinner: Advanced behaviorism and operant conditioning concepts through reinforcement and punishment principles.
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Charles Spearman: Proposed a single general intelligence factor (g) underlying various specific abilities.
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George Sperling: Studied sensory memory, demonstrating iconic memory through rapid presentation of visual stimuli.
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Roger Sperry: Researched split-brain patients post-surgery, winning a Nobel Prize for contributions to neuroscience.
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Robert Sternberg: Formulated the triarchic theory of intelligence encompassing analytical, creative, and practical dimensions.
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Louis Terman: Developed the Stanford-Binet IQ test, providing a formula for calculating intelligence quotients.
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Edward Thorndike: Pioneered operant conditioning principles, highlighting the law of effect relating behavior to consequences.
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Edward Tolman: Researched cognitive maps within latent learning, demonstrating rats' navigation strategies in mazes.
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Lev Vygotsky: Introduced the zone of proximal development concept, emphasizing the role of social interaction in learning.### John B. Watson
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(1878-1958) Pioneered behaviorism, focusing on observable behaviors rather than mental processes.
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Conducted conditioning experiments, most notably demonstrating that a child named Albert could learn to fear a white rat through classical conditioning.
Ernst Weber
- (1795-1878) Known for Weber's law, which describes the just-noticeable difference (JND) in sensory perception.
- Found that a change in sound needs to be 5% and in vision 8% for people to perceive a difference.
David Wechsler
- (1896-1981) Developed comprehensive intelligence tests that provided a deviation IQ score, assessing intelligence relative to a normative sample.
Carl Wernicke
- (1848-1905) Identified Wernicke's area, crucial for language comprehension, enabling the interpretation of written and spoken language.
Mary Whiton Calkins
- (1863-1930) Pioneering psychologist who studied under William James; became the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1905.
Max Wertheimer
- (1880-1943) A key figure in Gestalt psychology, emphasizing that human thought and behavior should not be subdivided into isolated components.
Benjamin Whorf
- (1897-1941) Proposed the linguistic relativity hypothesis, suggesting that language influences thought processes and the way individuals perceive the world.
Torsten Wiesel
- (1924-present) Notable for discoveries regarding the visual cortex; found that clusters of neurons respond to specific types of visual stimuli.
Joseph Wolpe
- (1915-1997) Developed systematic desensitization, an approach to treating phobias combining relaxation techniques, an anxiety hierarchy, and counterconditioning.
Wilhelm Wundt
- (1832-1920) Established the first psychological laboratory, focusing on introspection as a method to study consciousness; regarded as the father of structuralism.
Philip Zimbardo
- (1933-present) Known for the Stanford prison experiment demonstrating the impact of assigned roles on behavior, showing how situational factors can lead to negative and hostile actions.
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Test your knowledge of key psychologists in psychology through engaging flashcards that include their key theories and contributions. This quiz features notable figures like Alfred Adler and Mary Ainsworth, and will help reinforce your understanding of psychological concepts.
