Psychology: Personality Definitions and Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What aspect of personality does consistency refer to?

  • The stability of behavior across time. (correct)
  • The ability to adapt to new situations.
  • The tendency to be optimistic or pessimistic.
  • The differences in behavior among individuals in similar situations.

According to Freud's theory, which of the following components of personality is responsible for immediate gratification?

  • Conscience
  • Superego
  • Ego
  • Id (correct)

What is the primary function of the superego in personality development?

  • To mediate between the id and the external world.
  • To operate according to the pleasure principle.
  • To incorporate social standards of right and wrong. (correct)
  • To engage in rational problem-solving.

Which principle does the ego operate according to?

<p>Reality principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hydraulic model in Freud's psychoanalytic theory used to describe?

<p>The dynamic interplay of inner forces in personality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when psychic energy builds up according to Freud?

<p>It may result in psychological disorders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud believed that which part of personality is most important and often contains hidden conflicts?

<p>Unconscious (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'conversion hysteria' refer to in Freud's studies?

<p>The conversion of emotional conflicts into physical symptoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two basic dimensions of personality according to Eysenck’s Theory?

<p>Extroversion and stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the stability dimension in Eysenck’s Theory relate to emotional reactions?

<p>It is characterized by moodiness and anxiety. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between extraversion and stability dimensions?

<p>They are not correlated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy refer to?

<p>The confidence in performing actions that lead to desired results. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not one of the four factors that promote self-efficacy?

<p>Emotional resilience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Eysenck link biological perspectives to personality traits?

<p>By associating personality traits with the nervous system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of social cognitive theories regarding human behavior?

<p>Cognitive processes actively shape behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an internal locus of control indicate?

<p>Life outcomes are under personal control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Eysenck, which trait can be linked to higher survival probabilities?

<p>Conscientiousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does reciprocal determinism describe the interaction of behavior and environment?

<p>It highlights a two-way causal influence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is repression as a defense mechanism?

<p>Keeping unpleasant emotions out of awareness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves providing a false but plausible excuse?

<p>Rationalization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark of Jung's concept of the collective unconscious?

<p>It contains archetypes shared across humanity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an individual fails to meet the challenges of a psychosexual stage?

<p>They may experience fixation in that stage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the concept of displacement?

<p>Shifting emotions from one target to another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cognitive psychologists generally view Freud's theories?

<p>As outdated with limited research support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Jung, what are archetypes?

<p>Emotionally charged universal symbols. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In object relations theory, what impact does 'good enough mothering' have on a child?

<p>Fosters a positive self-image. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of reaction formation entail?

<p>Expressing the opposite of one's true feelings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud's theory suggests that developmental fixations can lead to which of the following?

<p>Potential adult personality issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?

<p>Exploring conditions that foster healthy growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do conditioned responses imply in cognitive processes?

<p>They can occur without conscious recall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves refusing to recognize an anxiety-provoking situation?

<p>Denial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of sublimation suggest about aggressive or sexual urges?

<p>They can be transformed into socially acceptable outlets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does self-actualization primarily involve?

<p>Fulfilling one's potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT considered essential for personal growth according to Rogers?

<p>Competitiveness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for a gap between self-concept and reality to lead to incongruence?

<p>Subjective interpretation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the criticisms of the Humanistic Perspectives?

<p>Poor testability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow, what leads to frustration in individuals?

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What is the ideal state of a self-actualized person according to Maslow?

<p>Being self-aware and self-accepting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for the growth of an individual according to Rogers?

<p>Unconditional love (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the discrepancy between self-concept and actual experience?

<p>Incongruence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main perspective promoted by humanistic psychology?

<p>Emphasis on subjective experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of empathy in Rogers' person-centered perspective?

<p>To understand and connect with feelings of others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Big Five personality traits identified by McCrae and Costa?

<p>Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does conditional love affect self-concept development in children?

<p>It can lead to distorted perceptions of self-worth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes personality traits according to the content provided?

<p>Durable dispositions to behave a certain way (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of the Five Factor Model of Personality Traits?

<p>It is purely descriptive without insight into development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three conditions that facilitate personal growth according to Rogers?

<p>Genuineness, unconditional acceptance, and empathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can indicate higher productivity in various occupations according to the content?

<p>Conscientiousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivation drives individuals according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

<p>To achieve self-actualization after basic needs are met (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the content describe the impact of anxiety on the self-concept?

<p>It can cause distortions to maintain self-worth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Personality

Distinctive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that shape responses to life situations.

Psychodynamic Perspective

Personality comes from the interaction of inner forces, often conflicting.

Id

Primitive, instinctive part of personality driven by immediate gratification.

Ego

Part of personality that mediates between the Id and reality, delaying gratification.

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Superego

Moral component of personality, based on societal standards and values.

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Pleasure Principle

An immediate satisfaction of needs/desires.

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Reality Principle

Delaying gratification to fit reality.

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Unconscious

Part of the mind where thoughts, feelings, memories are stored and are not directly accessible. It is where major conflicts lie.

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Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious reactions protecting a person from unpleasant emotions like anxiety and guilt.

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Repression

A defense mechanism where unpleasant thoughts are kept out of consciousness.

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Rationalization

Making up false but plausible excuses to avoid responsibility.

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Projection

Attributing one's own thoughts to someone else.

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Displacement

Redirecting negative feelings from one person/thing to another.

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Reaction Formation

Acting the opposite of how you feel.

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Regression

Reverting to immature behaviors.

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Identification

Boosting self-esteem by aligning with others.

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Denial

Refusing to acknowledge a difficult situation.

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Sublimation

Redirecting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.

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Psychosexual Stages

Stages of development focused on erogenous zones.

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Fixation

A halt in development due to unresolved issues in a stage.

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Collective Unconscious

Inherited memory traces from all humans.

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Archetypes

Universal, emotionally charged images and concepts.

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Object Relations

Building internal representations of oneself and others from early childhood interactions.

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Humanistic Perspective

A school of psychology that emphasizes the uniqueness of individuals, their potential for growth, and the importance of subjective experiences.

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Self-Actualization

The process of fulfilling one's potential by becoming the best version of oneself.

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Self-Transcendence

The process of going beyond personal needs and focusing on a greater purpose or mission.

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Phenomenological Approach

Understanding behavior by emphasizing the individual's unique perspective and experiences.

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Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's theory that individuals are motivated to satisfy a series of needs in a specific order, starting with basic needs and progressing to higher-level needs.

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Genuineness

Being honest, direct, and authentic in your interactions with others.

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Acceptance (Unconditional Positive Regard)

Accepting and valuing others for who they are, regardless of their flaws or mistakes.

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Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person.

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Self-Concept

A collection of beliefs about one's own nature, qualities, and typical behavior.

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Incongruence

The gap between the self-concept and reality.

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Conditional Love

Love that is given only under certain conditions or when certain expectations are met.

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Unconditional Love

Love that is given freely and without any conditions or expectations.

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Anxiety

A state of unease or worry caused by threats to our self-concept.

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Defensive Behavior

Behavior that protects the self-concept by reinterpreting experiences to maintain a positive view of oneself.

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Eysenck's Personality Dimensions

Eysenck's theory proposes two main dimensions of personality: extraversion (sociability, assertiveness) and stability (emotional control). These dimensions are independent of each other.

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Extraversion

One of Eysenck's personality dimensions that describes individuals who are sociable, assertive, active, risk-taking, and lively. The opposite end of this dimension is introversion.

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Stability Dimension (Neuroticism)

Eysenck's personality dimension that describes individuals on a continuum of high emotional stability to emotional instability and emotionally reactive behavior. Individuals on the unstable end experience moodiness, anxiety, and depression.

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Eysenck's Revised Theory

Eysenck later added a third dimension to his theory called 'psychoticism,' which represents traits like impulsivity, aggression, and a lack of empathy.

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Trait Predictability

The degree to which personality traits predict behavior varies depending on the specific trait and the situation. Broad traits (Big Five) offer general predictions, while specific traits (PF 16) allow for more detailed predictions.

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Biological Basis of Personality

Eysenck believed personality traits were linked to biological differences, particularly the nervous system. Extraversion is associated with the central nervous system, and stability is linked to the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic vs. sympathetic).

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Twin Studies and Genetics

Research on twins, particularly identical twins reared apart, has shown the significant role of genetics in shaping personality traits.

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Social Cognitive Theory

This theory emphasizes the active role of individuals in shaping their personalities, acknowledging that people are not passive reactors to their environment but rather think, plan, and process information.

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Reciprocal Determination

This concept highlights the dynamic interaction between behavior, environment, and personal factors, creating a loop of mutual influence and shaping individual personalities.

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Self-Efficacy

An individual's belief in their ability to perform behaviors that lead to desired outcomes. High self-efficacy is associated with goal achievement, while low self-efficacy can lead to failures.

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Study Notes

Personality Definitions and Concepts

  • Personality encompasses enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and action that shape how individuals respond to life's situations.
  • It demonstrates consistency (stability over time) and distinctiveness (differences in behavior across similar situations).

Psychodynamic Perspective

  • Freud's psychoanalytic theory views personality as a dynamic interplay of internal forces (often conflicting).
  • It draws on the concept of psychic energy, an internal life force generated by instincts pushing for release (e.g., aggression or creative drive).
  • Mental events exist in conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels, with the unconscious holding significant, often hidden conflicts.

Psychoanalytic Theory - Structure

  • Personality comprises three key components: Id, Ego, and Superego.

Id

  • The primal, instinctual component, operating on the pleasure principle (immediate gratification).
  • It harbors basic biological urges (hunger, thirst, sleep, etc.)

Ego

  • The executive, guided by the reality principle (delayed gratification of Id's desires).
  • Aims for long-term satisfaction, utilizing rational problem-solving (secondary process).

Superego

  • The moral component, internalizing societal standards of right and wrong (leading to guilt or perfectionism).

Defense Mechanisms

  • These unconscious strategies protect individuals from anxiety-inducing emotions (guilt, fear).
  • Common defense mechanisms include:
    • Repression: Blocking distressing thoughts from consciousness.
    • Rationalization: Providing plausible but false justifications.
    • Projection: Attributing one's own feelings to another.
    • Displacement: Directing emotions towards a less threatening target.
    • Reaction formation: Acting opposite to one's true feelings.
    • Regression: Reverting to more immature behaviors.
    • Identification: Bolstering self-esteem by aligning with others.
    • Denial: Refusing to acknowledge a threat.
    • Sublimation: Channeling unacceptable urges into socially acceptable outlets.

Psychosexual Stages

  • Personality develops through psychosexual stages, marked by specific erogenous zones (sensitive areas).
  • Conflicts at each stage influence adult personality.
  • Fixation occurs when challenges aren't met, potentially leading to maladaptive behaviors in adulthood.

Criticisms of Psychoanalytic Theory

  • Lack of empirical support, difficulty measuring abstract concepts.
  • Overemphasis on early experience and unconscious motives.

Neoanalytic and Object Relations

  • Jung emphasized the personal and collective unconscious.
  • The collective unconscious is a shared reservoir of ancestral memories and archetypes (universal images).

Jung's Archetypes

  • Archetypes are emotionally charged representations of universal human experiences, appearing in dreams, cultural symbols, etc.

  • Object relations theory focuses on internalized relationships, especially early childhood interactions, shaping self-perception and future relationships.

Humanistic Theories

  • Emphasize individual growth, free will, and a subjective view of reality.
  • Key figures include Maslow and Rogers.

Maslow's Self-Actualization

  • Individuals strive to fulfill their potential (self-actualization).
  • This highest need involves self-awareness, self-acceptance, and a dedication to a cause.

Rogers' Person-Centered Approach

  • Growth is facilitated by:
    • Genuineness: Open and honest communication.
    • Acceptance (unconditional positive regard): Valuing individuals without conditions.
    • Empathy: Understanding others' perspectives.

The Self-Concept

  • The self-concept is a collection of beliefs about one's own nature and behavior.
  • Incongruence exists when the self-concept differs significantly from reality.
  • Consistent self-concept is a goal, because dissonance is uncomfortable.
  • Childhood experiences influence self-concept; conditional love limits growth, while unconditional love fosters congruence.

Personality Traits - Big Five

  • Extroversion, Neuroticism, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness (OCEAN) describe important personality dimensions.
  • Several other trait models exist.

Biological Perspectives

  • Eysenck linked personality traits to biological factors (differences in nervous system activity).
  • Some traits, such as extroversion, may relate to differing levels of cortical arousal.

Social Cognitive Theories

  • Bandura emphasized reciprocal influences between behavior, cognitive processes, and the environment, forming a dynamic system.
  • Social learning theory focuses on learned behaviors and self-efficacy (belief in one's ability to succeed).

Locus of Control

  • Rotter's concept: Internal locus—believing one controls destiny, external locus—discounting personal agency, believing outcomes are influenced by factors outside of personal control.

Additional Traits - Eysenck

  • Extroversion-Introversion and Emotional Stability-Instability are key dimensions.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of personality, including key definitions and the psychodynamic perspective. This quiz covers Freud's psychoanalytic theory and the structure of personality comprising the Id, Ego, and Superego. Test your understanding of these concepts and their implications in psychology.

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