Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus during the oral stage of development?
What is the primary focus during the oral stage of development?
Which defense mechanism involves adopting attitudes that oppose one's true feelings?
Which defense mechanism involves adopting attitudes that oppose one's true feelings?
What stage of personality development occurs between the ages of 6 and 12 years?
What stage of personality development occurs between the ages of 6 and 12 years?
What is a characteristic behavior in the regression defense mechanism?
What is a characteristic behavior in the regression defense mechanism?
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What does the anal stage of development primarily focus on?
What does the anal stage of development primarily focus on?
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Which of the following best describes denial as a defense mechanism?
Which of the following best describes denial as a defense mechanism?
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Freud believed that the essence of personality is formed by which age?
Freud believed that the essence of personality is formed by which age?
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Which character trait is associated with oral stage fixation?
Which character trait is associated with oral stage fixation?
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What is the main purpose of defense mechanisms according to Freud?
What is the main purpose of defense mechanisms according to Freud?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the types of projective techniques?
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of projective techniques?
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Identification as a defense mechanism refers to which of the following?
Identification as a defense mechanism refers to which of the following?
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The displacement defense mechanism is best described as:
The displacement defense mechanism is best described as:
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What mechanism is primarily employed when unacceptable memories are consciously blocked from awareness?
What mechanism is primarily employed when unacceptable memories are consciously blocked from awareness?
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Sublimation as a defense mechanism can be exemplified by which of the following actions?
Sublimation as a defense mechanism can be exemplified by which of the following actions?
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What is a potential consequence of prolonged and excessive use of defense mechanisms?
What is a potential consequence of prolonged and excessive use of defense mechanisms?
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How does projection function as a defense mechanism?
How does projection function as a defense mechanism?
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What is the primary focus of sexual tension during the phallic stage?
What is the primary focus of sexual tension during the phallic stage?
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What complex involves castration anxiety in boys?
What complex involves castration anxiety in boys?
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How do boys typically resolve their castration anxiety according to the content?
How do boys typically resolve their castration anxiety according to the content?
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What leads to the development of the superego in children?
What leads to the development of the superego in children?
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In the Electra complex, what do girls reportedly envy?
In the Electra complex, what do girls reportedly envy?
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According to Freud, how do girls typically come to view their father?
According to Freud, how do girls typically come to view their father?
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What is a perceived outcome about the superego in boys compared to girls?
What is a perceived outcome about the superego in boys compared to girls?
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Which defense mechanism is suggested for girls compensating for their perceived lack of a penis?
Which defense mechanism is suggested for girls compensating for their perceived lack of a penis?
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Study Notes
What is a Paradigm?
- A set of ideas, a way of looking at something, a framework through which reality is interpreted
- A generally accepted perspective, position, or view of a particular discipline at a given time
- A universally recognized scientific achievement providing model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners
- Scientists accept the dominant paradigm until anomalies appear, leading to new theories and a paradigm shift.
Paradigm Shift
- Occurs when a new paradigm better explains observations and is closer to objective external reality
- The new paradigm is incommensurable with the old paradigm
Psychology Paradigms
- Psychology does not have one paradigm but several competing schools
- A complex discipline with many branches that reflect the complexity of an organism
- The three paradigms psychologists focus on are psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic-existentialism
Psychoanalysis
- Founded by Sigmund Freud
- Emphasizes unconscious processes and childhood experiences as determinants of future behavior
- Instincts and drives motivate behavior
- Treatment focuses on bringing unconscious thoughts to the conscious
Psychoanalysis Waves
- First Wave: Drive psychology (Freud)
- Second Wave: Ego psychology (Freud, Rapoport, Kernberg)
- Third Wave: Object relation theory and self psychology.
What is Personality?
- A complex pattern of deeply embedded, long-lasting psychological characteristics
- Largely non-conscious and not easily altered.
- These characteristics express themselves automatically in almost every facet of functioning.
Topographical Theory
- Conscious, preconscious (ego and superego), unconscious (Id)
- Id: driven by instinct and pleasure, immediate gratification, operates on the pleasure principle
- Ego: controls and reasons - adaptive behaviour, operates on the reality principle
- Superego: driven by right and wrong - moral and ethical values, operates on the morality principle.
Instincts
- Have four qualities: source, aim, object, and force
- Aim of tension reduction to a calm state by satisfying needs/avoiding pain.
The ID
- No logic or reason
- Not moral, not evaluative, no concept of consequences
- No sense of time and space
- Achieves satisfaction through reflex actions, uninhibited responses and primary process (catexis).
Primary Process (Catexis)
- Investment of psychic energy (libido) into objects, ideas, or people
- Emotions and desires drive where energy is invested
- Positive Cathexis: investment of energy in something pleasurable
- Negative Cathexis: investment of energy in something threatening or dangerous
Structural Theory and Topographical Theory
- Structural theory describes the three parts of the mind and their interactions
- Topographical theory describes the different levels of the mind's processes.
The Ego
- Mediates between id and superego in socially acceptable ways
- Uses defense mechanisms to avoid guilt and punishment
- Guided by reality principle, engages in reality testing
The Superego
- Formed around ages 4-7 through identification
- Needs approval and pleases authority
- Internal policeman (prohibitions) and ego ideal (parental ideals)
Defence Mechanisms
- Unconscious processes to reduce anxiety
- Includes repression, projection, reaction formation, regression, denial, and displacement.
Repression
- Forcing awareness of memories, thoughts, and ideas that cause anxiety
- Can manifest disguised form or when other defense mechanisms fail, thereby protecting the ego.
Projection
- Attributing to others what you do not accept about yourself
- Transforming inner anxiety to external anxiety
Reaction Formation
- Adopting opposing attitudes or behaviours to true thoughts or feelings.
Regression
- Reverting to earlier development stages
Denial
- Blocking external events from awareness
Displacement
- Transferring negative feelings from one subject to another
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Description
This quiz delves into the concept of paradigms in psychology, highlighting various perspectives such as psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic-existentialism. Explore how paradigms shape our understanding of psychological practices and the shifts that occur when new theories emerge. Test your knowledge on the frameworks that define this complex discipline.
