Psychological Paradigms and Shifts
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the functions of the superego?

  • Encourages the id to act on desires
  • Reduces self-awareness
  • Drives the ego to act morally (correct)
  • Promotes instant gratification

How does very strong parenting affect the superego?

  • It has no influence on the personality
  • It always creates a strong id
  • It leads to a weak superego
  • It results in a strong superego (correct)

Which of the following statements about the ego is true?

  • It operates under the reality principle (correct)
  • It minimizes ethical considerations
  • It represents the pleasure principle
  • It enforces perfectionism

What can result from having a very weak superego?

<p>Psychopathic personality traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what characterizes a healthy person?

<p>They can love and work productively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes a paradigm in psychological terms?

<p>A framework for interpreting reality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signifies a paradigm shift in scientific terms?

<p>The new paradigm offers better explanations for observations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the three primary paradigms of psychology discussed in this content?

<p>Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Humanistic-Existential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the founding father of psychoanalysis?

<p>Sigmund Freud (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what does the psychodynamic paradigm focus on?

<p>The resolution of conscious and unconscious feelings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes personality according to the content?

<p>A complex pattern of long-lasting psychological characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT one of the five human domains identified in the content?

<p>Social (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three focal points of personality include all of the following EXCEPT?

<p>Adaptability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the id?

<p>Operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main instincts described in the theory?

<p>Thanatos and Eros (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the ego primarily function in relation to the id?

<p>It acts as a mediator, guiding the id towards socially acceptable behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role of the superego?

<p>To enforce moral and ethical standards within the individual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the characteristics of primary process thinking?

<p>Symbolic and illogical, seeking immediate satisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of cathexis?

<p>The investment of emotional energy in desires or objects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the ego is accurate?

<p>It uses defense mechanisms to manage anxiety and guilt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotion reflects negative cathexis?

<p>Fear of a looming threat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one quality of instincts mentioned in the theory?

<p>They involve a source, aim, object, and force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is characterized by the id's functioning?

<p>Acting impulsively without considering consequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes a harsh superego?

<p>Imposes guilt and a strong sense of duty to parental ideals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can instincts be channeled according to the theory?

<p>Indirectly via socially acceptable means (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of reality testing primarily pertains to which structure?

<p>Ego (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a paradigm?

A shared set of beliefs, assumptions, and methods that guide researchers within a particular field.

What is a paradigm shift?

A significant change in the dominant scientific perspective, often triggered by the emergence of new evidence or theories.

What is psychoanalysis?

A school of thought in psychology that emphasizes the influence of unconscious processes on behavior, thoughts, and feelings.

What is the deterministic theory in psychoanalysis?

The idea that early childhood experiences have a profound and lasting impact on our personality development.

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What is personality?

The unique and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an individual.

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What are the 3 focal points of personality?

The three key aspects of personality that are explored in psychoanalysis.

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What are the 5 human domains?

The five fundamental dimensions of human experience that are influenced by personality.

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What is the psychodynamic paradigm?

A therapeutic approach that focuses on helping patients understand and resolve their conscious and unconscious conflicts.

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What is the Superego?

The part of your personality focused on adhering to moral standards and societal rules. It acts as your internal critic and strives for perfection.

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What does the Ego do in the Id-Ego-Superego model?

The Id is driven by impulses and desires, while the Superego is all about rules and morality. The Ego acts as a mediator, trying to balance the two. This constant struggle between the Id and Superego shapes your actions and decisions.

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What happens if the Superego is too strong or too weak?

A strong Superego can lead to a rigid, overly controlled personality, while a weak Superego might result in impulsive behavior and disregard for rules. A balanced Superego is key.

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How does parenting influence personality development?

Parenting styles have a significant impact on personality development. Strict parenting can lead to a stronger Superego, while overindulgent parenting can promote a stronger Id.

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Why is a balanced Ego important?

A healthy Ego is essential for psychological well-being. It allows you to balance your desires with your moral compass, leading to a fulfilling life.

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What is the Id?

The part of the mind that is driven by instincts, pleasure, and immediate gratification. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking to satisfy basic desires without regard for consequences.

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What is the Ego?

The part of the mind that acts as a mediator between the Id's impulses and the demands of reality. It uses reasoning and logic to guide behavior in a socially acceptable way.

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What is the Unconscious mind?

The unconscious part of the mind where the Id resides. It is a realm of hidden desires, fears, and memories.

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What is Eros (Life Instinct)?

A powerful instinctual drive that motivates behavior towards life, growth, and survival. It includes desires for procreation, social connection, and self-preservation.

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What is Thanatos (Death Instinct)?

A powerful instinctual drive that motivates aggressive, destructive, and self-destructive behaviors. It can be directed outwards toward others or inwards towards oneself.

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What is Primary Process Thinking?

The unconscious process by which the Id seeks to fulfill its desires through fantasies, imagery, and symbolic representations.

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What is Cathexis?

The investment of psychic energy (libido) into objects, ideas, or people. It represents our emotional and motivational forces.

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What is the Conscious mind?

The conscious, logical, and rational part of the mind. It operates according to the reality principle, seeking to satisfy desires in a realistic and socially acceptable way.

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What is the Preconscious mind?

The preconscious mind is a part of the mind that is temporarily unconscious, but accessible. It bridges the gap between conscious and unconscious thoughts and feelings.

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What are defense mechanisms?

The set of defenses employed by the Ego to protect itself from anxiety and conflict arising from the Id and Superego. They involve distorting or denying reality in unconscious ways.

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What is Guilt?

A psychological state characterized by intense feelings of guilt, shame, and self-criticism. It can stem from a harsh Superego or a violation of one's moral code.

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What is the Ego Ideal?

A part of the Superego that represents the internalized ideals and standards of parents, society, and significant others. It influences aspirations and self-worth.

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What is Reality Testing?

The process of the Ego satisfying the Id's desires in a socially acceptable and realistic way. It involves delaying gratification and taking into account the consequences of actions.

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What is Identification?

The unconscious process by which a person identifies with another person or a social group, adopting their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. It can be a source of both positive and negative influences.

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Study Notes

Paradigm Definition

  • A paradigm is a set of ideas, a way of looking at something, or a framework for interpreting reality.
  • It's a generally accepted perspective within a particular discipline.
  • A paradigm is a widely recognized scientific achievement that models problems and solutions for practitioners.
  • Scientists adhere to the dominant paradigm until anomalies arise, leading to paradigm shifts.
  • Paradigms in psychology offer diverse approaches to understanding behaviour.

Paradigm Shift

  • A scientific revolution occurs when a new paradigm better explains observations and is closer to objective reality.
  • The new paradigm is often incommensurable with the old (cannot be directly compared).
  • Psychology doesn't have one accepted paradigm; rather, it has several competing schools.

Paradigms in Psychology

  • Psychoanalysis, behaviourism, and humanistic-existential are three key paradigms.

Psychoanalysis

  • Founded by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious processes.
  • Deterministic Theory: Childhood experiences influence future behaviour.
  • Motivators: Instincts and drives motivate actions.
  • Treatment: Bringing unconscious thoughts to consciousness.
  • Waves:
  • First Wave: Drive psychology (Freud)
  • Second Wave: Ego psychology (A. Freud, Rapoport, Kernberg)
  • Third Wave: British schools (object relation theory, self psychology).

Personality

  • Personality is a complex, enduring pattern of psychological characteristics.
  • Largely unconscious and resistant to change.
  • Influences almost every aspect of behaviour.
  • Arises from biological factors and experiences.
  • Includes feeling, thinking, coping, and behaviour aspects.

Personality Focal Points

  • Structure
  • Dynamics
  • Development

Human Domains

  • Physical
  • Emotional
  • Cognitive
  • Ritual
  • Behavioural

Psychodynamic Paradigm

  • Focuses on resolving conscious and unconscious feelings.

Structural Theory

  • Id: Driven by instinct and the pleasure principle (immediate gratification). Present from birth. Unconscious. Animalistic and childish.
  • Ego: Guides the id through reality, employing reasoning and defence mechanisms to avoid superego conflict. Mediates between id and superego. Driven by the reality principle.
  • Superego: Represents moral and ethical values. Emerges between ages 4-7 through identification. Driven by a need for approval and pleasing authority figures.

Topographical Theory

  • Conscious: Aware thoughts.
  • Preconscious: Thoughts retrievable with effort.
  • Unconscious: Primitive instincts, repressed thoughts.

Drives

  • Life instinct (Eros): Procreation, survival, societal interactions.
  • Death instinct (Thanatos): Aggression, risk-taking, reliving trauma.
  • Instinctive qualities:
  • Source (origin)
  • Aim (tension reduction)
  • Object (target)
  • Force (strength of drive).

ID Satisfaction

  • Reflex action
  • Action without thought
  • Withdrawal reflex
  • Primary process (cathexis): investment of psychic energy into objects, fantasies.

Ego

  • Guides the id in socially acceptable ways.
  • Mediates id-superego conflict.
  • Applies defence mechanisms.
  • Uses reality testing.
  • Secondary process: drive → tension → cathexis → reality testing → eventual satisfaction.

Superego

  • Formed through identification (ages 4-7).
  • Internal policeman (prohibitions) and ego-ideal (parental standards).
  • Influences behaviour through guilt and punishment.

Healthy Ego

  • Essential for psychological health
  • Balances needs from id and superego pressures.
  • Allows for love, work, and connections outside oneself.

Strong vs Weak Superego

  • Strong Superego: Can lead to excessive control, inhibition, anxiety.
  • Weak Superego: May lead to psychopathic tendencies.

Parenting Influences on Personality

  • Strong parenting = strong superego; weak ego may struggle.
  • Undisciplined parenting = strong id; weak ego may struggle.

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Description

Explore the various paradigms in psychology, including psychoanalysis, behaviourism, and humanistic-existential approaches. This quiz delves into the concept of paradigms, scientific revolutions, and how shifts occur within psychological disciplines. Test your knowledge on the frameworks that shape our understanding of behavior.

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