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Questions and Answers
Which source of stress is associated with the pressure of adapting to a new culture?
What is the primary focus of health psychologists?
What model did Richard Lazarus develop concerning the psychological response to stress?
Which stage is NOT part of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?
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What effect does chronic stress have on telomeres?
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Which endocrine pathway was identified by Walter Cannon in response to acute stress?
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What is a common outcome of social and cultural sources of stress?
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Psychoneuroimmunology primarily studies the interactions between which systems?
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Which of the following best describes 'daily hassles'?
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Which gland is part of the endocrine pathway associated with stress response as noted by Hans Selye?
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Which behavior pattern is associated with an increased risk of heart disease?
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How does a sense of control affect the impact of stressors?
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What are the characteristics of a pessimistic explanatory style?
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What is a potential negative consequence of social support?
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Which emotional coping mechanism involves avoiding or distancing from stressors?
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What is a characteristic of problem-focused coping?
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Which culture tends to emphasize emotion-focused coping strategies?
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Chronic negative emotions can lead to which of the following?
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Among men, what is a notable difference in response to negative events outside their family compared to women?
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What type of coping includes distancing and denial?
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Study Notes
Individual Factors That Influence the Response to Stress
- Stress response is influenced by individual factors such as personality traits, coping mechanisms, and social support.
- Type A behavior pattern is linked to heart disease, with hostility being a significant factor.
- Personal control over a situation reduces the impact of stressors.
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Explanatory style impacts how people interpret negative events.
- Optimistic individuals use external, unstable, and specific explanations.
- Pessimistic individuals use internal, stable, and global explanations.
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Social support can improve health and stress management, but can also create stress when inappropriate.
- Women tend to provide more social support but are more susceptible to the stress contagion effect.
- Men are less likely to be upset by negative events outside their immediate family.
- Chronic negative emotions lead to increased stress and contribute to chronic diseases.
Coping Mechanisms
- Coping mechanisms are strategies used to change circumstances or interpretations to make them more favorable.
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Emotion-focused coping aims to alter emotional reactions to stressors, including:
- Escape-avoidance
- Seeking social support
- Distancing
- Denial
- Positive reappraisal
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Problem-focused coping focuses on changing the stressful situation, including:
- Confrontative coping
- Planful problem-solving
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Cultural influences on coping vary:
- Individualistic cultures favor problem-focused strategies.
- Collectivistic cultures favor emotion-focused strategies.
Stress, Health, and Coping
- Stress is defined as a negative emotional state caused by events perceived as taxing or exceeding resources
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Stressors can be categorized as:
- Social and cultural sources: Poverty, low social status, racism, and discrimination, acculturative stress
- Daily hassles: Minor, everyday annoyances and upsets
- Burnout: Prolonged work stress leading to exhaustion, cynicism, and inadequacy
- Health psychologists study stress and its impact on health, illness, and treatment, using the biopsychosocial model.
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Life events approach considers stressors as events requiring adaptation.
- The Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures the impact of life events.
Cognitive Appraisal Model and Daily Hassles
- Richard Lazarus proposed the cognitive appraisal model of stress, highlighting the importance of how individuals interpret and evaluate stressors.
- He established the importance of daily hassles in contributing to stress.
Physical Effects of Stress
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Walter Cannon identified the endocrine pathway involved in the flight-or-fight response to acute stress.
- Sympathetic nervous system and release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla are involved.
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Hans Selye identified the endocrine pathway involved in the three-stage general adaptation syndrome (GAS) response to prolonged stress.
- The roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and release of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex are involved.
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Chronic stress can lead to:
- Premature aging and disease
- Telomere shortening, protective caps on the ends of chromosomes.
Psychoneuroimmunology
- Psychoneuroimmunology examines the interplay of psychological processes, nervous and endocrine systems, and the immune system.
- Lymphocytes, specialized white blood cells, are crucial for fighting viruses and bacteria.
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Description
This quiz explores individual factors that influence how we respond to stress, including personality traits, coping mechanisms, and social support. It delves into concepts like the Type A behavior pattern and how explanatory styles shape our interpretation of events. Test your understanding of these critical psychological concepts related to stress management.
