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Questions and Answers
Which type of stress is characterized by the anticipation of danger that can be acute or chronic?
Which type of stress is characterized by the anticipation of danger that can be acute or chronic?
What type of stressor arises when an individual faces multiple demands with conflicting motivations?
What type of stressor arises when an individual faces multiple demands with conflicting motivations?
Which category of stress is associated with the perception that aspirations exceed personal capabilities?
Which category of stress is associated with the perception that aspirations exceed personal capabilities?
What type of stressor is described by the cumulative demands on cognitive capacity that can negatively impact health?
What type of stressor is described by the cumulative demands on cognitive capacity that can negatively impact health?
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According to the content, which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the perception of stress?
According to the content, which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the perception of stress?
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Which statement best defines stress according to Hans Selye?
Which statement best defines stress according to Hans Selye?
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What characteristic distinguishes psychological stressors from other types of stressors?
What characteristic distinguishes psychological stressors from other types of stressors?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a type of stressor based on their nature?
Which of the following is NOT considered a type of stressor based on their nature?
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What role do endorphins play in the context of stress?
What role do endorphins play in the context of stress?
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Which model explains the body's adaptation and resistance to stress?
Which model explains the body's adaptation and resistance to stress?
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What is the initial response to stress recognized in Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?
What is the initial response to stress recognized in Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?
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In the Transactional Stress Model, what determines whether an individual feels distress?
In the Transactional Stress Model, what determines whether an individual feels distress?
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Which of the following elements is NOT part of Pearlin's stress process model?
Which of the following elements is NOT part of Pearlin's stress process model?
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What does the resistance stage in Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome primarily focus on?
What does the resistance stage in Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome primarily focus on?
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What occurs during the exhaustion stage in General Adaptation Syndrome?
What occurs during the exhaustion stage in General Adaptation Syndrome?
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Study Notes
Stress (1)
- Definition: Stress is a general, non-specific reaction of the body to external factors (stressors). It's also a state of tension, unease, or discomfort caused by agents with negative significance.
- Types of Stressors: Stressors can be categorized based on their nature: physical, chemical, biological, or psychological.
- Psychological Stressors: These stressors have specific features: they generate stress only under particular conditions, hold personal meaning, can be abstract or unreal (e.g., anticipating consequences), and have action parameters like intensity.
Theoretical Models of Stress
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): This model describes stress as a three-stage process: alarm (fight-or-flight response), resistance (maintaining homeostasis), and exhaustion (failure to maintain function).
- Transactional Model: Stress is individually experienced based on how the person evaluates the situation. This involves primary appraisal (relevant/irrelevant/dangerous) and secondary appraisal (ability to adapt/cope).
Stressors
- Life Events: Major life events (traumas) and minor, repeated hassles are important stressors.
- Relativity of Stressors: Stress is experienced when the demands of the environment exceed the available resources and individual coping abilities.
- Stress Perception: The perception of stressors is influenced by factors like personality, cognitive features, coping strategies, and previous life experiences.
Categories of Stressors
- Threat: Anticipation of a perceived danger (acute or chronic). Chronic threats can impact allostatic load, leading to a General Adaptation Syndrome.
- Conflict: Facing two or more demands with opposing motivations.
- Frustration: The level of aspirations exceeds the level of possibilities.
- Overload: Exceeding the limits of cognitive, emotional, and motivational capacity.
- Underload: The level of possibilities exceeds the level of aspirations, potentially causing sensory deprivation or perceived lack of information.
Holmes & Rahe Stress Scale
- This scale measures the stress level associated with life events. Higher scores indicate a greater likelihood of illness.
Hormonal Correlates of Stress
- Stress causes changes in the brain (e.g., serotonin depletion, increased norepinephrine).
- Hormonal responses include changes in endocrine function (e.g., cortisol, DHEA) and the immune system (e.g., NK cell activity).
- Endorphins can have a positive role in reducing stress and pain.
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Description
Explore the concepts of stress including its definition, types of stressors, and related theoretical models like General Adaptation Syndrome and the Transactional Model. This quiz assesses your understanding of how stress affects individuals and the frameworks used to analyze it.
