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Questions and Answers
According to Descartes, how is knowledge primarily acquired?
According to Descartes, how is knowledge primarily acquired?
The distinction between perception and judgment states that simply looking at an object is equivalent to understanding what it is.
The distinction between perception and judgment states that simply looking at an object is equivalent to understanding what it is.
False
What is the primary focus of introspectionism in psychology?
What is the primary focus of introspectionism in psychology?
The examination of one's own thoughts and mental processes.
The theory that suggests many unconscious inferences occur during cognitive processes can be summarized by the concept of ______.
The theory that suggests many unconscious inferences occur during cognitive processes can be summarized by the concept of ______.
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Match the following cognitive concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following cognitive concepts with their descriptions:
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What is the primary distinction in Chomsky's theory of linguistics?
What is the primary distinction in Chomsky's theory of linguistics?
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Behaviorism implies that non-observable mental states influence behavior.
Behaviorism implies that non-observable mental states influence behavior.
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What does the concept of representationalism emphasize in cognitive psychology?
What does the concept of representationalism emphasize in cognitive psychology?
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According to Miller's model, the capacity of short-term memory is typically __________ units.
According to Miller's model, the capacity of short-term memory is typically __________ units.
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Match the following cognitive theories to their descriptions:
Match the following cognitive theories to their descriptions:
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Which method is used to model the stages of cognitive processes?
Which method is used to model the stages of cognitive processes?
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Neisser contributed to cognitive psychology by introducing new methods of investigation.
Neisser contributed to cognitive psychology by introducing new methods of investigation.
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What is the basic question posed by the Turing Machine concept regarding machines?
What is the basic question posed by the Turing Machine concept regarding machines?
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What does the Dichotic Listening Paradigm primarily study?
What does the Dichotic Listening Paradigm primarily study?
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Behaviourism asserts that psychology should only focus on observable behaviors.
Behaviourism asserts that psychology should only focus on observable behaviors.
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What is a Turing Machine primarily designed to demonstrate?
What is a Turing Machine primarily designed to demonstrate?
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According to Chomsky, initial grammatical knowledge is potentially __________.
According to Chomsky, initial grammatical knowledge is potentially __________.
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Match the psychological theories with their key concepts:
Match the psychological theories with their key concepts:
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What evidence does the 'poverty of stimulus' argument provide in favor of Chomsky's theory?
What evidence does the 'poverty of stimulus' argument provide in favor of Chomsky's theory?
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Cognitive processes in psychology include understanding performance in complex tasks.
Cognitive processes in psychology include understanding performance in complex tasks.
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What role does the head of a Turing Machine play?
What role does the head of a Turing Machine play?
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What best describes mental representations?
What best describes mental representations?
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Mental representations can only be in the form of images.
Mental representations can only be in the form of images.
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Who proposed the idea of innate knowledge that just needs awakening?
Who proposed the idea of innate knowledge that just needs awakening?
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Plato posed a problem regarding how we can know given our fragmented limited experience, often reflecting on ______ knowledge.
Plato posed a problem regarding how we can know given our fragmented limited experience, often reflecting on ______ knowledge.
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Match the philosophers with their contributions to the understanding of mental representations:
Match the philosophers with their contributions to the understanding of mental representations:
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Which of the following statements best describes the role of imagination according to the text?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of imagination according to the text?
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Raw images are stored in memory without any need for interpretation.
Raw images are stored in memory without any need for interpretation.
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What term is used to describe the exploitation of a characteristic for a novel function that was originally an adaptation for a different function?
What term is used to describe the exploitation of a characteristic for a novel function that was originally an adaptation for a different function?
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What did Descartes believe about knowledge acquisition?
What did Descartes believe about knowledge acquisition?
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Introspectionism focuses on the observation of external stimuli rather than internal thoughts.
Introspectionism focuses on the observation of external stimuli rather than internal thoughts.
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What is the main problem with relying solely on introspection according to the content?
What is the main problem with relying solely on introspection according to the content?
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Many cognitive processes are governed by sets of rules which operate through ______ representations.
Many cognitive processes are governed by sets of rules which operate through ______ representations.
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Match the following cognitive concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following cognitive concepts with their descriptions:
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Which concept describes language acquisition in behaviorism?
Which concept describes language acquisition in behaviorism?
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Chomsky agreed with Skinner's view on language acquisition as solely based on observable behaviors.
Chomsky agreed with Skinner's view on language acquisition as solely based on observable behaviors.
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What does the 'poverty of stimulus' argument suggest?
What does the 'poverty of stimulus' argument suggest?
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The process of allocating attention to different stimuli is studied through the ________ paradigm.
The process of allocating attention to different stimuli is studied through the ________ paradigm.
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Match the key concepts with their definitions:
Match the key concepts with their definitions:
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Which of the following best describes the role of a Turing Machine's head?
Which of the following best describes the role of a Turing Machine's head?
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Behaviorism supports the idea that cognition is irrelevant to behavior.
Behaviorism supports the idea that cognition is irrelevant to behavior.
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What is one significant contribution of the second cognitive revolution?
What is one significant contribution of the second cognitive revolution?
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What is the limited capacity of short-term memory as described by Miller?
What is the limited capacity of short-term memory as described by Miller?
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Functionalism makes claims about the internal mechanisms of the brain.
Functionalism makes claims about the internal mechanisms of the brain.
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What concept describes the distinction between 'what we know' and 'how we use that knowledge' in language?
What concept describes the distinction between 'what we know' and 'how we use that knowledge' in language?
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According to Neisser, reaction time can be used as a measure of __________ or complexity.
According to Neisser, reaction time can be used as a measure of __________ or complexity.
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Match the cognitive concepts with their characteristics:
Match the cognitive concepts with their characteristics:
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Which term refers to the idea that mental states are not linked to physical states?
Which term refers to the idea that mental states are not linked to physical states?
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Chomsky's view suggests that language can be modeled as a computational system.
Chomsky's view suggests that language can be modeled as a computational system.
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In cognitive psychology, what type of explanation focuses on internal states and potential multiple outcomes based on inputs?
In cognitive psychology, what type of explanation focuses on internal states and potential multiple outcomes based on inputs?
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Study Notes
Language and Cognitive Processes
- Language comprises a limited number of words, categories (verbs, nouns, etc.), and combinations, yet allows for an infinite number of sentences.
- Information processing can be explained through the rules and representations within a system, which account for cognitive behavior.
Psychological Processes
- Miller emphasized cognitive processes as information processes influenced by communication theory.
- Internal representations guide actions through specific plans and can be quantified based on transmitted units.
- Short-term memory (STM) capacity is approximately 7 ± 2 units.
Chomsky’s Contributions
- Established the distinction between linguistic competence and performance.
- Proposed language functions as a computational system.
Cognitive Psychology Advancements
- Neisser introduced new investigation methods and utilized reaction time to measure processing load.
- Flow diagrams are used to model cognitive processes and outcomes.
Levels of Explanation in Psychology
- Functional Level: Behaviorism focuses on stimulus-response (S-R) laws, disregarding non-observable mental states.
- Radical Dualism posits a separation between the brain and mind.
- Functionalism explains behavior through machine inputs and outputs, without elaborating on internal mechanisms.
- Cognitivistic explanations consider internal, non-observable states affecting outputs and behavior.
Rationalist Perspectives
- The brain serves as the organ of the mind, with representationalism emphasizing mental representations over behavior alone.
- Functionalism highlights emergent properties and explains behavior through machine state functions.
Behaviorism and Its Limitations
- Watson and Skinner characterized psychology as the study of observable behavior, dismissing introspection and consciousness.
- Learning is viewed as S-R pairings, with language acquisition derived from reinforcement rather than innate understanding.
Chomsky’s Opposition to Behaviorism
- Critiqued Skinner’s emphasis on observable behaviors, arguing for the role of internal representations in language development.
- Suggested an innate initial state of grammatical knowledge, enabling children to understand and acquire any language.
Generative Capacity of Language
- Demonstrates recursion, allowing for complex sentence structures rarely taught directly.
- Challenges behaviorist views by showing toddlers form sentences beyond their direct experience, implying knowledge encoded through rules.
Second Cognitive Revolution
- Emerged post-WW2, focusing on human factors, skill acquisition, and performance in complex tasks.
Theories of Communication and Attention
- Examined information processing, including Cherry’s studies on attention allocation through dichotic listening paradigms.
The Turing Machine
- Comprises a head that scans and prints symbols on an infinite tape, symbolizing a computational system.
- Stores limited representations and rules, yet can perform an infinite number of computations, reflecting cognitive processes as operations driven by syntax.
Descartes’ Philosophical Insights
- Proposed knowledge acquisition through senses while suggesting innate ideas given by God.
- Differentiated between perception and judgment, indicating the unconscious nature of many mental processes.
Early Influences on Psychology
- Introspectionism, led by Wundt and Titchener, aimed to observe mental processes akin to physical laws but faced numerous challenges.
- Issues included unconscious inferences, flawed memory reports, and questions regarding implicit knowledge in cognitive processes.
Mental Representations
- Mental representations are nodes or symbols processed by cognitive processes to represent knowledge.
- Examples include linguistic forms such as "cinq," "5," and "V," all representing the same concept.
- Neurons code for concepts, which can be studied through electrophysiological recordings.
- Representations can be visual images, resembling the concept they represent, though may not apply to abstract ideas.
Historical Foundations
- Plato posed the question of how we can know more than our limited experiences, suggesting inherited knowledge needing awakening.
- Socrates proposed that knowledge is encoded and implicit, influenced by genetic endowment.
- Descartes theorized that knowledge comes from senses and is innately placed by God, distinguishing between perception and judgment.
Philosophical Contributions
- Mental representations exist in various forms, such as images and codes, which undergo cognitive processing.
- Imagination differs from perception; one can create mentally without needing direct sensory input.
- Cognitive processes follow specific rules, allowing operations over symbolic representations driven by form rather than content.
Early Influences on Psychology
- Introspectionism, established by Wundt and Titchener, involved self-observation of thoughts but faced challenges due to unconscious processes and the unreliability of reports.
- Behaviorism, led by Watson and Skinner, focused on observable behavior without considering internal thoughts or consciousness, viewing learning through reinforcement mechanisms.
Chomsky's Reaction & Linguistic Theories
- Chomsky criticized behaviorism for ignoring internal representations, arguing for innate grammatical knowledge that allows language acquisition.
- He introduced concepts like "generative capacity," emphasizing the ability to create novel sentences beyond learned phrases.
Cognitive Revolutions in Psychology
- The Second Cognitive Revolution emerged post-WWII, focusing on human factors, skill acquisition, and complex task performance.
- Information processing theories consider cognitive processes analogous to computer systems, modeling behavior similar to Turing machines.
Turing Machine and Cognitive Processes
- Turing machines consist of a head scanning and printing symbols with infinite memory, capable of computing endless combinations from limited representations.
- Cognitive behavior can be explained by the rules and representations a system encodes.
Information Processing Influences
- Psychological processes are viewed as information processing, influenced by communication theory and quantifying information transmission.
- Short-term memory (STM) capacity is often estimated at around 7 units.
Neisser and Cognitive Psychology
- Neisser’s contributions included new investigative methods and measuring reaction times as indicators of cognitive load and complexity.
- Flow diagrams model cognitive processes and the mind's operations as an information processor.
Levels of Explanation in Psychology
- Functional Level: Behaviorism emphasizes S-R laws, ignoring non-observable mental states, which may lead to differing actions based on stimuli.
- Radical Dualism: Suggests a separation between mind and brain, complicating the understanding of how the mind influences behavior.
- Functionalism: Focuses on behavior and outputs based on inputs without assuming specific internal mechanisms.
- Cognitivism: Acknowledges internal states affecting behavior, offering multiple possible outcomes based on current states.
Representation and Machine Intelligence
- The brain is recognized as the organ of the mind, with representationalism focusing on mental representations.
- Functionalism highlights emergent properties of systems, leading to discussions on the potential of machines to think.
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Description
Explore the intricate relationship between language, cognitive processes, and information systems in psychology. This quiz examines concepts like limited word categories, syntactic structures, and the influence of communication theory on cognitive behavior. Test your understanding of how psychological processes function as information processes.
