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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of knowledge cues in language processing?
What is the primary function of knowledge cues in language processing?
Which of the following best describes bottom-up processing?
Which of the following best describes bottom-up processing?
What can result from overreliance on memory in language processing?
What can result from overreliance on memory in language processing?
What is a key characteristic of active processing?
What is a key characteristic of active processing?
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Which processing strategy relies on background information to predict language meaning?
Which processing strategy relies on background information to predict language meaning?
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What does passive processing have in common with bottom-up processing?
What does passive processing have in common with bottom-up processing?
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What is a significant outcome of model formation through active engagement with the environment?
What is a significant outcome of model formation through active engagement with the environment?
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How does integration of predictions from higher levels function in processing?
How does integration of predictions from higher levels function in processing?
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What is the purpose of the Information Processing Model?
What is the purpose of the Information Processing Model?
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Which processing type requires conscious effort and attention?
Which processing type requires conscious effort and attention?
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What organizational strategy involves linking a symbol directly to information to assist recall?
What organizational strategy involves linking a symbol directly to information to assist recall?
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Which of the following correctly describes the role of memory capacity in organization?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of memory capacity in organization?
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Which of the following is NOT a model of linguistic processing mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a model of linguistic processing mentioned?
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What challenge arises from a lack of organization in memory?
What challenge arises from a lack of organization in memory?
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What does selective attention mean in the context of information processing?
What does selective attention mean in the context of information processing?
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What type of memory temporarily stores information such as a shopping list?
What type of memory temporarily stores information such as a shopping list?
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What role does 'working memory' play in linguistic processing?
What role does 'working memory' play in linguistic processing?
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What is the first step in the information processing steps for memory according to the content?
What is the first step in the information processing steps for memory according to the content?
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What is the primary factor that influences how well humans sustain attention over time?
What is the primary factor that influences how well humans sustain attention over time?
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How does the Information Processing Model compare the human brain's function?
How does the Information Processing Model compare the human brain's function?
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How does reaction time vary among individuals according to maturity?
How does reaction time vary among individuals according to maturity?
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Which statement best describes automatic processes?
Which statement best describes automatic processes?
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Which of the following components is unclear if it has its own separate memory system?
Which of the following components is unclear if it has its own separate memory system?
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Which aspect of memory plays a crucial role in language learning according to key sources?
Which aspect of memory plays a crucial role in language learning according to key sources?
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What process helps manage executive function in cognitive tasks?
What process helps manage executive function in cognitive tasks?
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Which statement best describes the concept of automaticity in attention?
Which statement best describes the concept of automaticity in attention?
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What organizational principle is referred to as 'chunking'?
What organizational principle is referred to as 'chunking'?
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What role does working memory (WM) play in language decoding?
What role does working memory (WM) play in language decoding?
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How is working memory (WM) linked to learning new vocabulary?
How is working memory (WM) linked to learning new vocabulary?
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What characteristic helps the brain identify stimuli for processing?
What characteristic helps the brain identify stimuli for processing?
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In the context of attention, how do children differ from more mature individuals?
In the context of attention, how do children differ from more mature individuals?
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What indicates that a stimulus requires an immediate response?
What indicates that a stimulus requires an immediate response?
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What is the characteristic of Short-Term Memory (STM) capacity?
What is the characteristic of Short-Term Memory (STM) capacity?
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What is crucial for achieving retention in Long-Term Memory (LTM)?
What is crucial for achieving retention in Long-Term Memory (LTM)?
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Words in Long-Term Memory (LTM) are stored based on what criteria?
Words in Long-Term Memory (LTM) are stored based on what criteria?
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What processing model focuses on the influence of expectations on perception?
What processing model focuses on the influence of expectations on perception?
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How does retrieval from memory typically occur?
How does retrieval from memory typically occur?
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What is the role of sensory impressions in memory processing?
What is the role of sensory impressions in memory processing?
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What forms the basis of deep processing in memory?
What forms the basis of deep processing in memory?
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Which type of processing makes higher demands on cognitive resources?
Which type of processing makes higher demands on cognitive resources?
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What role does Phonological Short-Term Memory (PSTM) play in language learning?
What role does Phonological Short-Term Memory (PSTM) play in language learning?
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Which component is responsible for coordinating and controlling information flow in working memory?
Which component is responsible for coordinating and controlling information flow in working memory?
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How does the ability to hold novel speech material in PSTM affect long-term memory?
How does the ability to hold novel speech material in PSTM affect long-term memory?
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What happens to the relation between PSTM and word learning after age 8?
What happens to the relation between PSTM and word learning after age 8?
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What is the function of the episodic buffer in working memory?
What is the function of the episodic buffer in working memory?
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What challenge is faced when tasks become more demanding in information processing?
What challenge is faced when tasks become more demanding in information processing?
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Which mechanism is NOT identified as a separable component of working memory?
Which mechanism is NOT identified as a separable component of working memory?
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What process within the verbal material storage is essential for maintaining phonological information?
What process within the verbal material storage is essential for maintaining phonological information?
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Study Notes
Models of Linguistic Processing
- Linguistic processing models explain how the brain processes language.
- Models vary depending on the task and the individual.
- Models consider cognitive processing in general.
- Models vary according to the specific features of language processing.
Objectives
- Understand the linguistic processing model.
- Understand the working memory model.
- Understand top-down/bottom-up processing.
- Understand passive/active processing.
- Understand serial/parallel processing.
Introduction
- Several models explain cognitive processing in general.
- Specific language processing occurs in various ways.
- Model application varies based on the task.
- Model application varies based on the individual language user.
- Structures in the central nervous system (CNS) are fixed.
- Control processes vary among individuals.
Information Processing
- The information processing model is a framework used to describe how the cognitive system works.
- The model compares the brain's thinking process to a computer.
- The brain deals with incoming stimuli and formulates responses.
- Computer & human mind takes in info, organize, and store it to be retrieved later.
Information Processing: Attention
- Attention involves learning situation awareness.
- Selective attention prevents distractions.
- Attention components include orientation and reaction.
- Sustained attention is dependent on motivation, and high-intensity stimuli.
- The individual relates stimulus uniqueness to their reaction and response.
Information Processing: Attention (cont.)
- Reaction time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus.
- Reaction time depends on the task's ability to select relevant dimensions.
- Less mature individuals take longer for attentional allocation.
- Attentional capacity is smaller in less mature individuals.
- Automaticity in attention occurs in mature individuals.
- Automaticity is automatic processing with minimal brain resource allocation.
- Resource allocation is minimized in children's brains compared to other higher-level processes.
Information Processing: Discrimination
- This is the ability to identify varying stimuli levels.
- Identifying relevant characteristics is important.
- Identifying new information helps store and retrieve info.
- The brain decides new versus old information according to context and relevant stored info.
- The brain responds according to stimuli.
Information Processing: Discrimination (cont.)
- Working Memory (WM) is vital for language decoding.
- WM is located in Broca's and associated areas.
- WM is crucial for higher-level language and cognitive tasks.
- WM is involved in holding information during processing temporarily.
- WM supports complex academic skills and knowledge.
- WM influences language and literacy.
- WM affects acquisition, math, reasoning, and problem-solving acquisition.
Information Processing: Discrimination (cont.)
- WM capacity correlates with accurate comprehension.
- Spoken language decoding uses WM.
- Keeping and processing info after it's spoken is vital for WM.
- WM combines word scanning and syntax structure to analyze meaning.
- WM joins info to form a concept while speech continues.
Information Processing: Discrimination (cont.)
- WM structure includes the central executive and storage systems.
- Central executive (CE) coordinates info flow.
- Verbal material storage includes articulatory rehearsal and phonological STM.
- Visuospatial storage is used to retain visuospatial information.
- Phonological STM decays if not rehearsed.
- Episodic buffers integrate PSTM and visual sketchpads.
- Figure 3.8 shows a visual representation of WM.
- Central executive manages focus, resources, and processes such as task analysis, strategy selection, and revision.
Information Processing: Discrimination (cont.)
- Resource allocation challenges affect other necessary parts of a task when resources are limited.
- PSTM is crucial for word learning and comprehension.
- PSTM connects sounds to meanings.
- PSTM allows long-term storage of new words.
- The relation of PSTM and word-learning weakens after age 8.
Information Processing: Organization
- Organization in memory is vital for later retrieval of information.
- Chunking by category is a key organizational principle.
- Poor organization overloads brain storage and impedes memory.
- Memory capacity is fixed but proper organization improves memory.
- Lack of organization makes unrelated information harder to recall.
Information Processing: Organization (cont.)
- Two main organizational strategies are mediational and associative.
- Mediational strategies use symbols, images, or links to information.
- Associative strategies connect and link one symbol to another or several symbols to other symbols.
Information Processing: Memory
- Memory definition involves recalling previous info.
- Linguistic analysis precedes elaboration and association.
- Organized info moves to long-term storage from short-term memory.
- Linguistic information is encoded for storage and retrieval.
- Uncertainty exists regarding individual language systems.
Information Processing: Memory (cont.)
- Memory is vital in language learning and understanding.
- Working memory (WM) involves active cognitive processing.
- Short-term memory (STM) temporarily stores information (examples given).
- Long-term memory (LTM) stores information potentially without limits.
Information Processing: Memory (cont.)
- Short-term memory (STM) has limited capacity (fewer than 10 items).
- Incoming information in STM is either discarded or rehearsed.
- Retention in LTM depends on rehearsal, repetition, and organization.
- Deep processing (semantic interpretation, elaboration, prior experience connection) leads to better memory.
Information Processing: Memory (cont.)
- Word Storage in LTM depends on meaning, word class etc.
- Information in LTM is subconscious.
- LTM allows access to previously acquired info.
- LTM is crucial for acquiring new and previous information.
- Sensory impressions are nonlinguistic.
- Abstract linguistic representations result from the sensory experience.
Other Processing Models
- Other models include Top-down/Bottom-up processing, Passive/Active Processing, and Serial/Parallel Processing.
Top-Down/Bottom-Up Processing
- Distinction between top and bottom levels of cognitive processing.
- Bottom level is shallow analysis of perceptual data.
- Top level includes data extraction and synthesis.
- Top-down processing is driven by expectations and knowledge.
- Context knowledge enables prediction of info form and content.
- Bottom-up processing comes from data-driven processing and moves from sound and syllable discrimination to recognition and comprehension.
- Bottom-up processing may be partially analyzed data integrated with predictions from higher levels.
- Simultaneous use of Top-down and Bottom-up processes are common.
Passive/Active Processing
- Passive processing analyzes data in fragments, similar to bottom-up.
- Active processing utilizes a comparator strategy, matching input with stored patterns.
- Active processing leverages world knowledge as a basis.
- Generating patterns or models, aiding comprehension, anticipation, predictions, or planning is part of active processing.
- Simultaneous passive and active processing is common practice.
Serial/Parallel Processing
- Processing systems can handle more than one task at a time (parallel); or one task at a time (serial)
- Processing may be sequential or simultaneous, autonomously.
- Serial processing occurs in separate parts of the brain.
- Information is received at one level, analyzed, and passed onto another.
- Parallel processing accesses multiple analysis levels simultaneously.
- Comprehension depends on the most efficient processing method.
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Description
Test your understanding of language processing concepts with this quiz. It covers topics like knowledge cues, processing strategies, and the Information Processing Model. Perfect for students looking to solidify their knowledge in linguistics and cognitive psychology.
