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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) in the brain?
Which region of the brain is responsible for determining whether a sound is a word or not?
What is the primary difference between recent memory and remote memory?
What is the term for the network of neurons involved in setting the level of consciousness?
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Which structure is responsible for rating the emotional importance of an experience and activating the level of hippocampal activity accordingly?
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What is the primary function of the hippocampus in the brain?
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What is the outcome of damage to the amygdala?
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What is the term for the ability to maintain attention and focus?
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Which cortical area is associated with the regulation of emotions such as affection, pride, guilt, and envy?
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What is the brain region that is critically involved in the formation of memory?
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What is the function of the Papez Circuit?
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What is the term for the experience of feeling like a current situation has already occurred before?
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Which structure is implicated in disorders such as schizophrenia?
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What is the effect of stimulation of the subcortical area involving the limbic system?
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Which area is activated to lift the mood?
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What is the outcome of a seizure focus within the left prefrontal cortex?
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Study Notes
Language Comprehension
- Language comprehension involves three levels: phonological, lexical, and semantic processing
- Phonological processing occurs in the inferior gyrus of the frontal lobe, recognizing sounds of vowels and consonants
- Lexical processing matches input words/sounds to memories, determining whether a sound is a word or not
- Semantic processing connects words to their meaning, requiring at least three regions of the brain: brainstem's ARAS, thalamus, and cortex
Localization of Brain Functions
- Arousal and attention require synchronization, with higher levels of wakefulness corresponding to greater synchronization
- In persistent vegetative state, bilateral cortical dysfunction is evident, but sleep-wake cycles may be preserved due to intact thalamus and ARAS
- Maintenance of attention requires an intact right frontal lobe
- In ADHD, frontal lobe or right hemisphere hypometabolism is evident compared to normal controls
Memory
- Memory is critically formed by medial temporal lobe, diencephalic nuclei, and basal forebrain
- Types of memory include:
- Immediate memory (functions over seconds)
- Recent memory (minutes to days)
- Remote memory (months to years)
- Working memory (incorporates immediate and recent memory)
- Medial temporal lobe houses the hippocampus, a significant site for formation and storage of immediate and recent memories
- Hippocampus is inappropriately reactivated with déjà vu experiences
Emotion
- Emotions occupy the attention of mental health professionals
- Emotions are derived from basic drives such as feeding, sex, reproduction, pleasure, pain, fear, and aggression
- Neuroanatomic basis for these drives appears to be centered in the limbic system
- Distinctly human emotions such as affection, pride, guilt, pity, envy, and resentment are largely learned and represented in the cortex
- Left prefrontal cortex activation lifts mood, while right prefrontal cortex activation causes depression
- Left prefrontal hypoperfusion during depressive states normalizes after successful treatment
Limbic System
- The limbic system was delineated by James Papez in 1937
- The Papez circuit consists of hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, anterior nucleus of thalamus, and cingulate gyrus
- The limbic system was eventually expanded to include amygdala, septum, basal forebrain, nucleus accumbens, and orbitofrontal cortex
- The limbic system appears to house emotional association areas, directing the hypothalamus to express motor and endocrine components of emotional states
- Amygdala may mediate learned fear responses, such as anxiety and panic, and direct the expression of certain emotions
- Damage to amygdala abolishes the ability to distinguish fear and anger in other persons' voices and facial expressions
Limbic System Function
- Fear and aggression are stimulated by the subcortical area involving the limbic system, producing rage reactions
- The limbic system is implicated in disorders like schizophrenia
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Description
This quiz covers the three levels of language comprehension: phonological, lexical, and semantic processing, including the brain regions involved in each process.
