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What is Pragmatics?
The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context.
What are the different parenting styles?
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Vygotsky's term for the skills a person can exercise only with assistance.
Sex differences are defined by societal roles and behaviors.
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Define Executive Functioning.
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Which of the following are types of aggression?
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The principle that the amount of substance remains the same, even when its appearance changes is called ______.
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What does Comorbidity refer to?
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Intrinsic motivation arises from external rewards.
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What is the cognitive development stage that lasts from birth to approximately 2 years?
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Match the different types of play with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Pragmatics
- Refers to the practical use of language.
- Includes adjusting communication based on audience and context.
Lev Vygotsky
- Developed a theory of cognitive development.
- Emphasized the role of social interaction in learning.
Gender Differences
- Differences between males and females in roles, behaviors, clothes, and other aspects, stemming from societal influences rather than biology.
Sex Differences
- Physical differences between males and females, including organs, hormones, and body shape.
Theoretical Perspectives of Gender
- Functionalism views gender roles as contributing to societal stability.
- Conflict Theory sees gender inequalities as benefiting certain groups at the expense of others.
- Symbolic Interactionism focuses on how gender is constructed through social interactions.
Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian: High demands, low responsiveness, strict discipline.
- Authoritative: High demands, high responsiveness, encourage independence while setting limits.
- Permissive: Low demands, high responsiveness, lenient discipline.
- Neglectful: Low demands, low responsiveness, uninvolved parenting.
Morals in Middle Childhood
- Children develop an understanding of right and wrong.
- They learn to make moral judgments and internalize societal values and norms.
Executive Functioning
- Refers to the cognitive abilities that allow us to organize and prioritize thoughts.
- This helps us anticipate, strategize, and plan behavior.
Memory
- Working Memory: The ability to hold and manipulate information in the short-term.
Learning and Developmental Disorders in Childhood
- Neurodiversity: Embracing the wide range of cognitive differences, including those traditionally considered disorders.
- ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder): Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
- SLD (Specific Learning Disability): Difficulties in specific academic areas like reading, writing, or math.
- Dyslexia: Difficulty with reading.
- Dyskaleulia: Difficulty with math.
- Dysgraphia: Difficulty with writing.
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: A developmental disability characterized by social communication and interaction challenges, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests.
Prosocial Behavior
- Characterized by helpfulness and kindness, even without expecting a reward.
- Examples include expressing concern, sharing, and smiling.
Antisocial Behavior
- Behavior that is harmful or disruptive to others.
Popularity in School
- Popular: Well-liked and accepted by peers, often exhibiting prosocial or status-seeking behaviors.
- Unpopular: Less accepted or disliked by peers, often exhibiting neglected, aggressive-rejected, or withdrawn-rejected characteristics.
- Neglected not Rejected: Ignored but not actively shunned by peers.
- Aggressive-Rejected: Disliked due to aggressive and confrontational behaviors.
- Withdrawn-Rejected: Disliked due to timid and anxious behaviors.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
- Vygotsky's term for the skills a person can acquire with assistance, but not independently.
Intrinsic Motivation
- Internal drive to pursue a goal, such as the enjoyment of reading.
Extrinsic Motivation
- Driven by external rewards, such as money or praise.
Effortful Control
- The ability to regulate emotions, requiring deliberate effort beyond natural abilities.
Different Types of Play in Early Childhood
- Solitary: Child plays alone.
- Onlooker: Child watches others play.
- Parallel: Child plays in similar ways to others but separately.
- Associative: Children share items but play individually.
- Cooperative: Children play together with shared goals.
Resilience
- The ability to adapt well to adversity and overcome stress.
Different Stages of Thought (Piaget)
- Sensorimotor Intelligence (birth - 2 years): Rapid cognitive development, development of object permanence, using senses and motor skills to learn.
- Preoperational Thinking (2 - 7 years): Ability to think symbolically, using symbols for words, things, and ideas.
- Concrete Operational Thinking (7 - 11 years): Logical thinking about concrete objects and events, understanding conservation.
- Formal Operational Thinking (11+): Abstract thinking, reasoning, argumentation, and planning.
Things That May Impact Family Function
- The way a family works to meet the needs of its members.
Comorbidity
- The presence of two or more unrelated health conditions in the same person.
The Culture of Children
- Distinct values, behaviors, and beliefs shared by children within a group, separate from adult culture.
Different Language Errors That Occur During Development
- These errors highlight the development of language skills.
Lateralization
- Refers to the specialization of brain functions on each side.
- One side of the brain tends to dominate specific activities.
- The left side controls the right side of the body, and vice versa.
Necessity and Benefits of Physical Activity
- Regular exercise is essential for overall health and has long-lasting benefits.
Scaffolding
- Temporary support tailored to a learner's needs and abilities to help them master a task.
4 Types of Aggression
- Instrumental Aggression: Aggression used to achieve a specific goal.
- Reactive Aggression: Aggressive response to a perceived threat or provocation.
- Relational Aggression: Aggression directed at social relationships, such as spreading rumors or excluding others.
- Bullying Aggression: Aggression characterized by repeated, intentional harm inflicted on a less powerful individual.
Self-Concept
- An individual's understanding of themselves in terms of their self-esteem, appearance, personality, and traits.
Conservation
- The principle that the amount of a substance remains constant even when its appearance changes.
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Description
This quiz explores various concepts in psychology, focusing on pragmatics, gender differences, and Vygotsky's theories. Understand how cognitive development and societal influences shape communication and gender roles. Test your knowledge of parenting styles and theoretical perspectives on gender.
