Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the Htcleft construction in English?
What is the primary function of the Htcleft construction in English?
- To explicitly state the foreground entailment
- To provide additional information about the speaker's car
- To communicate what the speaker believes the listener may already be thinking (correct)
- To deny personal responsibility while implying the listener's accusation
What is necessary for reference to be successful in a conversation?
What is necessary for reference to be successful in a conversation?
- The speaker's intention to mislead the listener
- The listener's assumption that the speaker has a car
- The speaker's use of the Htcleft construction
- Collaboration and cooperation between the speaker and listener (correct)
What is implied when a speaker says 'my car'?
What is implied when a speaker says 'my car'?
- The speaker is trying to mislead the listener
- The speaker does not own a car
- The speaker actually has the car being mentioned (correct)
- The listener should be suspicious of the speaker
What is the purpose of the utterance in example [20b.]?
What is the purpose of the utterance in example [20b.]?
What is the assumption behind the Cooperation Principle?
What is the assumption behind the Cooperation Principle?
What is an example of more being communicated than is said?
What is an example of more being communicated than is said?
What is a key feature of conversational implicatures?
What is a key feature of conversational implicatures?
What does Bert assume about Ernie's behavior in their conversation?
What does Bert assume about Ernie's behavior in their conversation?
What is the purpose of adding 'in fact' to an utterance?
What is the purpose of adding 'in fact' to an utterance?
What is unique about conventional implicatures compared to conversational implicatures?
What is unique about conventional implicatures compared to conversational implicatures?
What kind of implicature is involved in Ernie's response 'Obviously, yes!'?
What kind of implicature is involved in Ernie's response 'Obviously, yes!'?
How are conversational implicatures typically calculated?
How are conversational implicatures typically calculated?
What is a characteristic of conversational implicatures?
What is a characteristic of conversational implicatures?
What is the implication of the English conjunction 'but'?
What is the implication of the English conjunction 'but'?
What is the inferred meaning of Ernie's response 'Of course not!'?
What is the inferred meaning of Ernie's response 'Of course not!'?
What is the purpose of the cooperative principle in conversation?
What is the purpose of the cooperative principle in conversation?
What is a key difference between conversational and conventional implicatures?
What is a key difference between conversational and conventional implicatures?
What is the implication of saying 'You have won five dollars!'?
What is the implication of saying 'You have won five dollars!'?
Flashcards
Htcleft construction in English
Htcleft construction in English
The speaker believes the listener already thinks something. It is part of a speaker's strategy to communicate their assumptions.
Successful Reference
Successful Reference
The speaker and listener must understand each other's intentions and work together to make sense of their communication.
Implication of 'my car'
Implication of 'my car'
The speaker owns the car. It's a direct, implied statement.
Purpose of 'It wasn't ME who took your money'
Purpose of 'It wasn't ME who took your money'
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Cooperation Principle
Cooperation Principle
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More communicated than said (example:Â [20b.])
More communicated than said (example:Â [20b.])
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Conversational Implicatures (Key Feature)
Conversational Implicatures (Key Feature)
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Bert's Assumption About Ernie
Bert's Assumption About Ernie
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Purpose of 'in fact'
Purpose of 'in fact'
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Conventional Implicatures
Conventional Implicatures
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Implicature in Ernie's 'Obviously, yes!'
Implicature in Ernie's 'Obviously, yes!'
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Calculation of Conversational Implicatures
Calculation of Conversational Implicatures
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Characteristic of Conversational Implicatures
Characteristic of Conversational Implicatures
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Implication of 'but'
Implication of 'but'
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Inferred meaning of Ernie's 'Of course not!'
Inferred meaning of Ernie's 'Of course not!'
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Purpose of the Cooperative Principle
Purpose of the Cooperative Principle
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Difference between Conversational and Conventional Implicatures
Difference between Conversational and Conventional Implicatures
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Implication of 'You have won five dollars!'
Implication of 'You have won five dollars!'
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Study Notes
Implicatures and Cooperation
- In conversation, speakers can communicate more than they explicitly say, relying on the listener's inferences to understand the intended meaning.
- The cooperative principle assumes that speakers and listeners are generally cooperating with each other, sharing knowledge and avoiding misleading information.
Htcleft Constructions and Foreground Entailments
- An Htcleft construction in English allows the speaker to communicate what they believe the listener may already be thinking (foreground entailment).
- Example: "It was ROVER that chased the squirrels" or "It wasn't ME who took your money".
- The speaker can attribute the foreground entailment to the listener without stating it, attributing responsibility or accusation.
Conversational Implicatures
- Conversational implicatures are calculated by listeners via inference, based on the cooperative principle and maxims.
- Conversational implicatures can be:
- Calculated by the listener
- Suspended using expressions like "at least"
- Cancelled by adding further information, following expressions like "in fact"
- Reinforced with additional information
- Conversational implicatures are deniable, and speakers can deny intended meanings.
Conventional Implicatures
- Conventional implicatures are not based on the cooperative principle or maxims, but are associated with specific words.
- Conventional implicatures result in additional conveyed meanings when certain words are used.
- Example: The conjunction "but" implies contrast between two pieces of information.
- Conventional implicatures do not rely on conversation or special contexts for interpretation.
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Description
This quiz tests your understanding of pragmatics and implicature in language, using examples from conversations to illustrate the concept.
