Psychology of Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of individuals with GAD are female in clinical samples?

  • Three-quarters
  • Half
  • Two-thirds (correct)
  • One-third

    • At what age is GAD least common?

  • Below 15 years
  • Ages 15 to 24 (correct)
  • Above 45 years
  • Between 25 to 44 years

    • What is a risk associated with taking benzodiazepines?

  • Increased alertness
  • Physical dependence (correct)
  • Increased cognitive functioning
  • Improved motor skills

    • What is a treatment that involves evoking the worry process during therapy sessions?

    <p>Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the median age of onset of GAD based on interviews?

    <p>31</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidepressant was found to be effective in the treatment of GAD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common demographic group among which GAD is prevalent?

    <p>Older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was found to be equally effective in treating GAD in children, compared to taking placebo pills?

    <p>Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) and sertraline (Zoloft)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the origins of a disorder?

    <p>Etiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the anticipated outcome of a disorder?

    <p>Prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disorder has a time-limited course, meaning it will improve without treatment in a relatively short period?

    <p>Time-limited disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the number of new cases of a disorder that occur during a given period?

    <p>Incidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disorder that follows a chronic course?

    <p>Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the supernatural model, what is the driving force behind abnormal behavior?

    <p>Agents outside our bodies and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disorder that follows an episodic course?

    <p>Mood disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pattern of a disorder over time?

    <p>Course</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of disorders that selective mutism is now grouped with in DSM-5?

    <p>Anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between SSRIs and D-cycloserine (DCS) in the treatment of SAD?

    <p>DCS facilitates extinction of anxiety by modifying neurotransmitter flow in the glutamate system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cognitive therapy described in the content that was compared with the SSRI drug Prozac?

    <p>Clark's cognitive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of bloodletting in ancient times?

    <p>To remove a carefully measured amount of blood from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the characteristic of selective mutism where speech occurs in some settings but not others?

    <p>Selective mutism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the Chinese concept of mental health?

    <p>Balancing the flow of wind throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration of time required for a diagnosis of selective mutism?

    <p>One month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who coined the term 'hysteria' to describe a concept learned from the Egyptians?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the disorders characterized by physical symptoms with no known physical cause?

    <p>Somatic symptom disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category of disorders does DSM-5 consolidate that develop after a relatively stressful life event?

    <p>Trauma-and Stressor-Related Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bacterial microorganism that causes syphilis?

    <p>Not specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common outcome for patients with SAD who receive cognitive behavioral treatment?

    <p>Relatively normal functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the delusions associated with advanced syphilis?

    <p>Delusions of persecution and grandeur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure in the brain involved in the learning and unlearning of fear and anxiety that D-cycloserine (DCS) works in?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the emphasis of John P. Grey's approach to treating the mentally ill?

    <p>Treating the mentally ill as physically ill, with a focus on rest, diet, and proper room temperature and ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Robert Burton recommend eating to induce vomiting?

    <p>A half-boiled cabbage and tobacco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a child with disinhibited social engagement disorder?

    <p>They show no inhibitions to approaching adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, what is the danger usually associated with?

    <p>A thought, image, or impulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of compulsions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

    <p>To provide relief from anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of obsessions are related to symmetry?

    <p>26.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical result of 'forbidden thoughts or actions' obsessions?

    <p>Checking rituals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of checking rituals in OCD?

    <p>To prevent an imagined disaster or catastrophe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a child with reactive attachment disorder?

    <p>They evidence lack of responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between anxiety disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

    <p>The focus on external objects or situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people experience PTSD at some point in their life?

    <p>6.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disorder that occurs within the first month after the trauma?

    <p>Acute Stress Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to develop PTSD?

    <p>Close exposure to the trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What predicts suicidal attempts independently of any other problem?

    <p>A diagnosis of PTSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the etiology of PTSD?

    <p>Intensity of exposure to assaultive violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with a higher rate of PTSD?

    <p>Experiences of rape, being held captive, or being badly assaulted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the serotonin transporter gene that increases the probability of becoming depressed?

    <p>Two short alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum time required for a diagnosis of PTSD?

    <p>One month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic that may predict exposure to traumatic events and increase the risk for PTSD?

    <p>Tendency to be anxious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may instill a sense that the world is an uncontrollable, potentially dangerous place?

    <p>Family instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with a lower risk of developing PTSD after a trauma?

    <p>Strong social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coping strategy is associated with higher levels of PTSD?

    <p>Becoming angry and placing blame on others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for reliving emotional trauma to relieve emotional suffering in psychoanalytic therapy?

    <p>Catharsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of working with the victim to develop a narrative of the traumatic experience?

    <p>Narrative development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the system involved in PTSD that is characterized by elevated or restricted corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)?

    <p>Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of support from loved ones on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in children during stress?

    <p>Reduces cortisol secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for when victims of PTSD reexperience the traumatic event through memories and nightmares?

    <p>Flashback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavior exhibited by victims of PTSD?

    <p>Avoiding anything that reminds them of the trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hyperarousal symptoms in PTSD?

    <p>Being easily startled and quick to anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a new addition to the PTSD diagnosis in DSM-5?

    <p>Reckless or self-destructive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't PTSD be diagnosed immediately after a traumatic event?

    <p>Because many individuals experience strong reactions to stressful events that typically disappear within a month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the dissociative subtype of PTSD?

    <p>Not necessarily reacting with the reexperiencing or hyperarousal characteristic of PTSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of PTSD?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the experience of reexperiencing the traumatic event through memories and nightmares, accompanied by strong emotion?

    <p>Flashback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major goal of this book?

    <p>To combat the stigma and present a positive and hopeful view on the causes and treatments of mental illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that the authors believe is overly broad and can be misconstrued?

    <p>Abnormal psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Chapters 1 through 4 in the book?

    <p>The historical context of psychological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences are discussed in the book as relevant to understanding the causes and treatments of psychological disorders?

    <p>Genetic, neuroscience, cognitive behavioral, personality, and socioemotional influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the term 'abnormal psychology' seen as a vestige of the past?

    <p>It is too broad and can perpetuate stigma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the authors' contention about people with psychological disorders?

    <p>They are first and foremost people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the book's organization?

    <p>To provide a foundation for understanding the rest of the book</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the book's discussion on psychological disorders?

    <p>The science and treatment of psychological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of those who are critical of the DSM-5 approach to personality disorders?

    <p>The potential for stigmatization and the limitations of the categorical approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for older adults with depression?

    <p>To reduce the symptoms of depression and improve quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a challenge in the diagnosis of dementia?

    <p>Dementia is often comorbid with other psychological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern related to the use of physical restraints in the treatment of older adults with dementia?

    <p>The potential for decreased mobility and increased risk of falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ethical issues in therapy and research, what does informed consent refer to?

    <p>The process of providing information about the potential risks and benefits of a treatment or research study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the historical overview of psychological disorders?

    <p>To understand the development of current theories and treatments of psychological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the diathesis-stress model of psychological disorders?

    <p>It proposes that psychological disorders are caused by a combination of predisposing factors and stressful events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the origins of a disorder?

    <p>Etiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of disorders that were previously classified as anxiety disorders but are now classified as obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders?

    <p>Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pattern of a disorder over time?

    <p>Course</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of phobias?

    <p>Distress and disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following definitions of psychological disorder is currently thought best?

    <p>Disability and dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of the DSM-5 definition of psychological disorder?

    <p>It includes information about both violation of social norms and dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider the history of psychopathology?

    <p>To understand how concepts and approaches have changed over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were early explanations of behavior seemingly out of individual control?

    <p>Supernatural causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be learned from the history of psychopathology?

    <p>That our current concepts and approaches are likely to change in the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common feature of early philosophers', theologians', and physicians' views of disturbed behavior?

    <p>A belief in supernatural causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are early chapters on the history of psychopathology included in many textbooks?

    <p>To show how concepts and approaches have changed over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Statistics and Patterns of Disorders

    • Statistics on new cases of a disorder during a given period, such as a year, represent the incidence of the disorder.
    • Disorders follow individual patterns, or courses, which can be chronic, episodic, or time-limited.
    • The anticipated course of a disorder is called the prognosis.

    Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior

    • The supernatural tradition posits that agents outside the body and environment influence behavior, thinking, and emotions.
    • In ancient China, the focus was on the movement of air or "wind" throughout the body, and unexplained mental disorders were caused by blockages of wind or the presence of cold, dark wind (yin) or warm, life-sustaining wind (yang).
    • Hippocrates coined the word hysteria to describe a concept he learned about from the Egyptians, which is now known as the somatic symptom disorders.
    • Behavioral and cognitive symptoms of advanced syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease, include delusions of persecution and grandeur.

    Etiology

    • Etiology is the study of origins and has to do with why a disorder begins and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.
    • Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease facilitated the identification of the specific bacterial microorganism that caused syphilis.
    • John P. Grey's position was that the causes of insanity were always physical, and therefore, the mentally ill patient should be treated as physically ill.

    Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

    • About two-thirds of individuals with GAD are female, but this sex ratio may be specific to developed countries.
    • Some people with GAD report onset in early adulthood, usually in response to a life stressor, and the median age of onset is 31.
    • GAD is prevalent among older adults, with the largest national comorbidity study finding it most common in the group over 45 years of age.

    Treatment of GAD

    • Benzodiazepines are often prescribed for GAD, but they can impair cognitive and motor functioning, and produce psychological and physical dependence.
    • There is stronger evidence for the usefulness of antidepressants, such as paroxetine and venlafaxine, in the treatment of GAD.
    • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been developed for GAD, and results suggest that it can be effective in treating GAD in children and adolescents.

    Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

    • Results of numerous studies suggest that severely socially anxious adolescents can attain relatively normal functioning in school and other social settings after receiving cognitive-behavioral treatment.
    • The SSRIs Paxil, Zoloft, and Effexor have received approval from the FDA for the treatment of SAD based on studies showing effectiveness compared with placebo.
    • One impressive study found that cognitive therapy was substantially better than the SSRI drug Prozac in treating SAD.

    Selective Mutism

    • Selective mutism is a rare childhood disorder characterized by a lack of speech in one or more settings in which speaking is socially expected.
    • Speech in selective mutism commonly occurs in some settings, such as home, but not others, such as school, hence the term "selective".
    • DSM-5 consolidates a group of formerly disparate disorders that all develop after a relatively stressful or traumatic life event.
    • Generally, they evidence lack of responsiveness, limited positive affect, and additional heightened emotionality, such as fearfulness and intense sadness.

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

    • In OCD, the danger is usually in an internal thought, image, or impulse that the client attempts to avoid.
    • Obsessions are intrusive and mostly nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges that the individual tries to resist or eliminate.
    • Compulsions are the thoughts or actions used to suppress the obsessions and provide relief.
    • Based on statistically associated groupings, there are four major types of obsessions, each associated with a pattern of compulsive behavior: symmetry, "forbidden thoughts or actions", cleaning and contamination, and hoarding.

    PTSD Diagnosis and Characteristics

    • PTSD cannot be diagnosed until a month after the trauma.
    • Delayed onset PTSD: few or no symptoms immediately or for months after a trauma, but full-blown PTSD develops at least 6 months later.
    • Acute stress disorder: a severe reaction that occurs within the first month after the trauma.

    Statistics

    • 6.8% of the population have experienced PTSD at some point in their life.
    • Highest rates of PTSD are associated with experiences of rape, being held captive, tortured, or kidnapped, or being badly assaulted.
    • Close exposure to the trauma is necessary to developing PTSD.

    Causes

    • Intensity of exposure to assaultive violence contributes to the etiology of PTSD.
    • Family history of anxiety suggests a generalized biological vulnerability for PTSD.
    • Specific characteristics of the serotonin transporter gene increase the probability of becoming depressed.
    • Family instability may instill a sense of an uncontrollable, potentially dangerous world.
    • Support from loved ones reduces the risk of developing PTSD.
    • Positive coping strategies involving active problem solving are protective.

    Treatment

    • Catharsis: reliving emotional trauma to relieve emotional suffering.
    • Imaginal exposure: working through the trauma and emotions associated with it systematically.
    • Developing a narrative of the traumatic experience and reviewing it extensively in therapy.

    PTSD Symptoms

    • Reexperiencing the event through memories and nightmares.
    • Flashbacks: sudden, intense memories accompanied by strong emotion.
    • Avoiding anything that reminds them of the trauma.
    • Inability to remember certain aspects of the event.
    • Chronically overaroused, easily startled, and quick to anger.
    • Reckless or self-destructive behavior may be a sign of increased arousal and reactivity.
    • Dissociative subtype: victims who do not react with reexperiencing or hyperarousal.

    Phobias and Psychological Disorders

    • Phobias can produce both distress and disability
    • Definition of psychological disorder: a combination of personal distress, disability, and dysfunction, and violation of social norms

    Early History of Psychopathology

    • Studying the history of psychopathology helps us learn from past mistakes and see how concepts and approaches have changed over time
    • Many new approaches to treatment have been hailed as successful at first, only to later fall out of favor
    • Supernatural explanations were used to explain psychological disorders before the age of scientific inquiry
    • Early philosophers, theologians, and physicians believed that disturbed behavior was a result of supernatural causes

    Current Approaches in Psychopathology

    • Genetic influences: behavior genetics, molecular genetics, and gene-environment interactions
    • Neuroscience influences: neurons, neurotransmitters, structure and function of the brain, and the neuroendocrine system
    • Cognitive behavioral influences: behaviorism, cognitive science, and the role of the unconscious
    • Socioemotional influences: the importance of emotion, sociocultural influences, and interpersonal influences

    Diagnosis and Assessment

    • Cornerstones of diagnosis and assessment: reliability and validity
    • Reliability: consistency of results
    • Validity: accuracy of results
    • The Diagnostic System of the American Psychiatric Association: DSM-5
    • Criticisms of the DSM-5: specific and general criticisms

    Research Methods in Psychopathology

    • Science, theory, and hypotheses
    • Research designs: case study, correlational method, and experiment
    • Examples of experimental research: treatment outcome research
    • Assessing and implementing treatments in the real world
    • Integrating the findings of multiple studies: meta-analysis

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    Description

    Understand the incidence and course of disorders, including chronic and episodic patterns, and their impact on individuals.

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